Abstract—

Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are often used in tissue engineering applications to produce an environment that is conducive to the integration of cells or growth factors to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs. These scaffolds are utilized to mimic the microenvironment seen in vivo, where cells interact and respond to mechanical cues from their three-dimensional surroundings. Consequently, cellular response and fate depend greatly on the material properties of scaffolds. These three-dimensional scaffolds' porous, networked pore structures enable the movement of nutrients, oxygen, and waste. This article looks at the many manufacturing procedures (such as conventional and rapid prototyping techniques) used to create 3D scaffolds with variable pore sizes and porosities. The various methods for determining pore size and porosity will also be covered. It has also been investigated if scaffolds with graded porosity may more accurately mimic the in vivo situation in which cells are exposed to layers of various tissues with changing characteristics. Following a look at the extracellular matrix, nature’s own scaffold, the ability of scaffold pore size and porosity to affect biological responses and mechanical qualities will also be investigated. We will talk about the problems with the current ways of building scaffolds for tissue engineering applications and offer some new and exciting alternatives.

中文翻译：

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3D支架在组织工程中的应用

摘要-

三维（3D）支架通常用于组织工程应用，以产生有利于细胞或生长因子整合的环境，以修复或替换受损的组织或器官。这些支架用于模拟体内的微环境，其中细胞相互作用并对来自三维环境的机械信号做出反应。因此，细胞反应和命运在很大程度上取决于支架的材料特性。这些三维支架的多孔、网状孔隙结构使营养物质、氧气和废物能够移动。本文探讨了用于创建具有可变孔径和孔隙率的 3D 支架的许多制造程序（例如传统和快速原型技术）。还将涵盖确定孔径和孔隙率的各种方法。还研究了具有分级孔隙率的支架是否可以更准确地模拟在体内的情况下，细胞暴露于具有变化特征的各种组织层。在观察细胞外基质（大自然自己的支架）之后，还将研究支架孔径和孔隙率影响生物反应和机械质量的能力。我们将讨论当前构建组织工程应用支架的方法存在的问题，并提供一些新的、令人兴奋的替代方案。