A special category of phospholipase Ds (PLD) in the venom of the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) and several other Sicariid spiders accounts for the dermonecrosis and many of the other clinical symptoms of envenomation. Related proteins are produced by other organisms including fungi and bacteria. These PLDs are often referred to as sphingomyelinase Ds (SMase D) because they cleave sphingomyelin (SM) to choline and "ceramide phosphate." The lipid product has actually been found to be a novel sphingolipid: ceramide 1,3-cyclic phosphate (Cer1,3P). Since there are no effective treatments for the injury induced by the bites of these spiders, SMase D/PLDs are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention, and some of their features will be described in this minireview. In addition, two simple methods are described for detecting the characteristic SMase D activity using a fluorescent SM analog, (N-[12-[(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]dodecanoyl]-SM (C12-NBD-SM), that is cleaved to C12-NBD-Cer1,3P, which is easily separated from other potential metabolites by thin-layer chromatography and visualized under ultraviolet light. Besides confirming that C12-NBD-Cer1,3P is the only product detected upon incubation of C12-NBD-SM with brown recluse spider venom, the method was also able to detect for the first time very low levels of activity in venom from another spider, Kukulcania hibernalis. The simplicity of the methods makes it relatively easy to determine this signature activity of SMase D/PLD.

中文翻译：

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棕色隐士蜘蛛毒液和其他生物体的有毒鞘磷脂酶 D 的简要概述，以及检测其标志性环状神经酰胺磷酸盐产生的简单方法

棕色隐士蜘蛛 ( Loxosceles reclusa ) 和其他几种 Sicariid 蜘蛛的毒液中含有一种特殊的磷脂酶 Ds (PLD)，导致皮肤坏死和许多其他中毒临床症状。相关蛋白质由其他生物体产生，包括真菌和细菌。这些 PLD 通常被称为鞘磷脂酶 D (SMase D)，因为它们将鞘磷脂 (SM) 裂解为胆碱和“磷酸神经酰胺”。该脂质产品实际上被发现是一种新型鞘脂：神经酰胺1,3-环磷酸酯（Cer1,3P）。由于这些蜘蛛叮咬引起的损伤没有有效的治疗方法，因此 SMase D/PLD 是治疗干预的有吸引力的靶标，本小型综述将描述它们的一些特征。此外，还描述了两种使用荧光 SM 类似物 (N-[12-[(7-硝基-2-1,3-苯并恶二唑-4-基)氨基]十二烷酰基]- 检测特征 SMase D 活性的简单方法SM (C12-NBD-SM)，即裂解为 C12-NBD-Cer1,3P，很容易通过薄层色谱法与其他潜在代谢物分离，并在紫外光下可视化。除了确认 C12-NBD-Cer1,3P是 C12-NBD-SM 与棕色隐士蜘蛛毒液一起孵育后检测到的唯一产物，该方法还能够首次检测到另一种蜘蛛 Kukulcania hiberernalis 的毒液中活性水平非常低的结果。该方法的简单性使得确定 SMase D/PLD 的这种特征活性相对容易。