A fungal biorefinery is presented to valorize food waste to fungal monofilaments with tunable properties for different textile applications. Rhizopus delemar is successfully grown on bread waste and the fibrous cell wall is isolated. A spinnable hydrogel is produced from cell wall by protonation of amino groups of chitosan followed by homogenization and concentration. Fungal hydrogel is wet spun to form fungal monofilaments which underwent post-treatments to tune the properties. The highest tensile strength of untreated monofilaments is 65 MPa (and 4% elongation at break). The overall highest tensile strength of 140.9 MPa, is achieved by water post-treatment. Moreover, post-treatment with 3% glycerol resulted in the highest elongation % at break, i.e., 14%. The uniformity of the monofilaments also increased after the post-treatments. The obtained monofilaments are compared with commercial fibers using Ashby's plots and potential applications are discussed. The wet spun monofilaments are located in the category of natural fibers in Ashby's plots. After water and glycerol treatments, the properties shifted toward metals and elastomers, respectively. The compatibility of the monofilaments with human skin cells is supported by a biocompatibility assay. These findings demonstrate fungal monofilaments with tunable properties fitting a wide range of sustainable textiles applications.

中文翻译：

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用于纺织应用的食物垃圾中可调节的真菌单丝

提出了一种真菌生物精炼厂，将食物垃圾转化为具有可调节特性的真菌单丝，适用于不同的纺织应用。德莱马根霉在面包废料上成功生长，并分离出纤维细胞壁。通过壳聚糖氨基的质子化，然后均化和浓缩，从细胞壁产生可纺水凝胶。真菌水凝胶经过湿纺形成真菌单丝，并进行后处理以调整性能。未经处理的单丝的最高拉伸强度为 65 MPa（断裂伸长率为 4%）。通过水后处理实现了整体最高拉伸强度 140.9 MPa。此外，用3%甘油进行后处理导致最高的断裂伸长率%，即14%。后处理后单丝的均匀度也有所提高。使用阿什比图将获得的单丝与商业纤维进行比较，并讨论了潜在的应用。湿纺单丝位于阿什比图中的天然纤维类别中。经过水和甘油处理后，性能分别转向金属和弹性体。生物相容性测定支持单丝与人体皮肤细胞的相容性。这些发现表明，真菌单丝具有可调节的特性，适合广泛的可持续纺织品应用。