Prior studies have examined various economic, environmental, and social impacts of the London congestion charge (LCC). However, few studies have investigated how the Transport for London (TfL) managed the LCC in all stages of its policy. Without active, strategic management of policies, stakeholders affected may doubt the policies’ legitimacy and reduce policy effectiveness. Thus, examining the means utilized to achieve effective policy management is critical and can potentially influence the development and management of future policies. This study adapts Mitchell et al.’s stakeholder typology to study how the TfL, as part of the management of, and as the dominant stakeholder in, environmental regulations in London, strategically managed the LCC via their own efforts to exert power, establish legitimacy, and claim urgency. Relying on Yin, we analyze publicly available data to show how the TfL actively managed the LCC to ensure its sustainability as policy. The TfL primarily used tactics to maintain and enhance the LCC's legitimacy with authoritative power and fears of unproven urgency to influence other stakeholders. Results have practical implications for policymakers contemplating policy reforms and shed additional light on less-discussed latent factors regarding policy management. This study contributes to the literature by applying stakeholder theory to the domain of policy reform, administration, and management. Our findings have policy implications as policymakers may benefit from learning the tactics examined in this study to assess their policy management and administration. Lastly, through our discussion and conclusions, we reflect on our findings to encourage research on policy management.

中文翻译：

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主要利益相关者如何战略性地管理创新公共政策？来自伦敦拥​​堵费的证据

先前的研究已经考察了伦敦拥堵费（LCC）的各种经济、环境和社会影响。然而，很少有研究调查伦敦交通局 (TfL)如何在其政策的各个阶段管理 LCC。如果没有积极的战略性政策管理，受影响的利益相关者可能会怀疑政策的合法性并降低政策的有效性。因此，检查用于实现有效政策管理的手段至关重要，并且可能会影响未来政策的制定和管理。本研究采用 Mitchell 等人的利益相关者类型学来研究如何作为伦敦环境法规管理的一部分和主要利益相关者，伦敦交通局通过自己的努力来战略性地管理伦敦交通局，以施加权力、建立合法性并强调紧迫性。依靠 Yin，我们分析了公开数据，以展示伦敦交通局如何积极管理 LCC 以确保其政策的可持续性。伦敦交通局主要使用策略来维持和增强伦敦交通公司的合法性，凭借权威力量和担心影响其他利益相关者的紧迫性未经证实。研究结果对考虑政策改革的政策制定者具有实际意义，并进一步揭示了政策管理方面讨论较少的潜在因素。本研究通过将利益相关者理论应用于政策改革、行政和管理领域，为文献做出了贡献。我们的研究结果具有政策意义，因为政策制定者可能会从学习本研究中评估其政策管理和行政的策略中受益。最后，通过我们的讨论和结论，我们反思我们的发现，以鼓励政策管理的研究。