Zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) can contribute to decarbonizing building energy systems, while the energy mismatch between energy demand and on-site stochastic generation in ZEBs increases the need for energy flexibility. This study proposed mixed-integer linear programming energy management schemes for optimizing the flexible scheduling of distributed energy resources, including battery energy storage, heat pump, and building thermal mass as a passive thermal energy storage system. With optimally designed objectives, this study used case studies to evaluate the flexibility potential provided by the demand-side management, considering dynamic characteristics of the process. The results showed that the proposed demand-side management for battery storage offers significant potential in increasing photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption and reducing operational costs. Cost reduction ratios of flexible dispatch of combined PV and battery storage systems exceed 15%. Flexible coupling of PV and heat pump systems for meeting hot water demand can reduce energy cost by more than 20%. The flexible coupling of the heat pump and PV system also had a significant impact on the power consumption pattern of domestic heat pumps, the load-shifting potential highly depends on the available PV generation and hot water demand. The optimal trade-off between thermal energy use and thermal comfort violation may not reduce the total energy used for space heating, the increased PV consumption helped reduce grid imports. The study provides insights into the energy flexibility behavior and efficiency of the proposed demand-side management for ZEBs, which is expected to provide guidelines for exploring demand-side flexibility.

零能耗建筑 (ZEB) 有助于建筑能源系统脱碳，而 ZEB 中能源需求与现场随机发电之间的能源不匹配增加了对能源灵活性的需求。本研究提出了混合整数线性规划能源管理方案，用于优化分布式能源的灵活调度，包括电池储能、热泵和作为被动热能存储系统的建筑热质量。凭借优化设计的目标，本研究利用案例研究来评估需求方管理提供的灵活性潜力，同时考虑流程的动态特征。结果表明，拟议的电池存储需求侧管理在增加光伏（PV）自耗和降低运营成本方面具有巨大潜力。光储组合灵活调度成本降低率超过15%。光伏与热泵系统灵活耦合满足热水需求，可降低能源成本20%以上。热泵与光伏系统的柔性耦合也对家用热泵的用电模式产生了重大影响，负荷转移潜力很大程度上取决于可用的光伏发电量和热水需求。热能使用和热舒适度违规之间的最佳权衡可能不会减少用于空间供暖的总能源，增加的光伏消耗有助于减少电网进口。