Climate change is an environmental challenge for rural communities that rely heavily on rainwater-based agriculture. The main goal of this study is to investigate spatiotemporal variability and trends in rainfall and temperature in southern Ethiopia. Extreme temperature and rainfall indices were computed using the ClimPACT2 software. The detection and quantification of trends in rainfall and temperature extremes were analyzed using a nonparametric modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test and Sen’s slope estimator. Results indicated that the mean annual rainfall has a declining trend at Boditi School and Mayokote stations with a statistically significant amount at magnitudes of 0.02 mm and 0.04 mm, respectively. The highest average monthly rainfall in the catchment was observed in the months of April, May, June, July, and August up to maximum rainfall of 117.50 mm, 177.43 mm, and 228.84 mm in Bilate Tena, Boditi, and Mayakote stations, respectively. On a seasonal scale, rainfall in Bilate Tena station was highly variable in all months, ranging from 49.54% to 126.92%, and three seasons except spring which showed moderate variation at 40.65%. In addition, the three locations over the catchment exhibited varied drought signs such as severe (1.28 < SRA < 1.65) and extreme drought (SRA > 1.65). The temperature indices, on the other hand, exhibited a warming trend over the catchment which was observed through an increased annual number of warm days (TX90p) and warm nights (TN90p) ranges from 0.274 to 6.03 and 0.274 to 3.16, respectively. The annual maximum value of the daily maximum temperature (TXx) ranges from 30.10 to 33.76°C in the three agroecological zones and showed low, medium, and high values in Dega, Woyna Dega, and Kola agroecologies, while the annual maximum value of the daily minimum temperature (TNx) ranged between 17 and 17.44°C at Dega and Kola, respectively. Therefore, based on trends in rainfall variability and persistent temperature rise, appropriate adaptation strategies should be adopted.

中文翻译：

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埃塞俄比亚南部降雨量和温度的时空变化和趋势：对农村社区气候变化适应的影响

对于严重依赖雨水农业的农村社区来说，气候变化是一个环境挑战。本研究的主要目标是调查埃塞俄比亚南部降雨和温度的时空变化和趋势。使用 ClimPACT2 软件计算极端温度和降雨指数。使用非参数修正曼-肯德尔 (MMK) 检验和森斜率估计器对降雨和极端温度趋势的检测和量化进行了分析。结果表明，Boditi School 站和 Mayokote 站的年平均降雨量呈下降趋势，统计显着量分别为 0.02 毫米和 0.04 毫米。流域月平均降雨量最高的月份是4月、5月、6月、7月、Bilate Tena、Boditi 和 Mayakote 站的最大降雨量分别为 117.50 毫米、177.43 毫米和 228.84 毫米。从季节尺度上看，比拉特特纳站所有月份的降雨量变化较大，变化范围为49.54%至126.92%，除春季外的三个季节变化较小，为40.65%。此外，流域内三个地点表现出不同的干旱迹象，如严重干旱（1.28 < SRA < 1.65）和极端干旱（SRA > 1.65）。另一方面，流域内的温度指数表现出变暖趋势，这是通过每年暖日数（TX90p）和暖夜数（TN90p）的增加观察到的，范围分别为0.274至6.03和0.274至3.16。日最高气温（TXx）的年最大值范围为30.10至33。三个农业生态区的平均气温为 76°C，德加、沃伊纳德加和科拉农业生态区呈现低、中、高值，而德加和沃伊纳德加和科拉农业生态区的日最低气温 (TNx) 年最大值在 17 至 17.44°C 之间。分别是科拉。因此，应根据降雨变化和持续气温上升的趋势，采取适当的适应策略。