The U.S. Military Academy at West Point is widely considered the premier leader development institution in the United States. Since first admitting women in 1976, few studies have examined factors that may influence female cadets to perform as leaders in this environment. The present study analyzed archival data collected during a unique longitudinal study of leader development conducted at West Point during the years 1993–2000, the Baseline Officer Leader Development Study (BOLDS). Personality hardiness, transformational and transactional leadership styles were evaluated as potential predictors of performance as leaders, according to supervisor ratings. Regression results showed that female cadets excel as leaders, outperforming male cadets as a group. Hardiness and transformational leadership style predicted leader performance for both male and female cadets. Additional analyses indicated it is the transformational leadership element of “charismatic” (or idealized influence) leadership that accounts for this finding. The transactional component “management by exception-active” also predicted leader performance, but for male cadets only. This study confirms that hardiness and charismatic leadership style are important for leadership performance of both male and female cadets. For male cadets, leader performance was also tied to actively identifying and addressing failures in subordinates. Leader development programs for both men and women may thus be enhanced by including programs to develop personality hardiness and transformational leadership qualities.

中文翻译：

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坚韧、领导风格和性别作为军事院校学员领导绩效的预测因素

西点军校的美国军事学院被广泛认为是美国首屈一指的领导者培养机构。自 1976 年首次招收女性以来，很少有研究探讨可能影响女学员在这种环境下发挥领导作用的因素。本研究分析了西点军校 1993 年至 2000 年期间进行的一项独特的领导者发展纵向研究，即基线军官领导者发展研究 (BOLDS) 中收集的档案数据。根据主管的评级，人格坚韧、变革型和交易型领导风格被评估为领导者绩效的潜在预测因素。回归结果显示，女学员作为领导者表现出色，整体表现优于男学员。坚韧和变革型领导风格预测了男性和女性学员的领导表现。其他分析表明，正是“超凡魅力”（或理想化影响力）领导力的变革型领导要素解释了这一发现。事务性组件“异常主动管理”也预测了领导者的表现，但仅限于男性学员。这项研究证实，坚韧和魅力型领导风格对于男性和女性学员的领导表现都很重要。对于男学员来说，领导者的表现还与积极识别和解决下属的失败有关。因此，通过纳入培养坚韧性格和变革型领导素质的计划，可以加强针对男性和女性的领导者发展计划。