Context: In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.

Methods: In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.

Key results: There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang.

Conclusions: The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research.

Implications: The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves.

背景：在尼泊尔，诺尔狼通常是雪豹（一种孤独的跟踪猎人）的主要野生猎物，在某些情况下，也是成群狩猎的狼的主要野生猎物。我们假设，在有雪豹和狼的马南山谷，以及只有雪豹的纳尔富山谷，诺尔人会根据追逐和伏击掠食者的情况调整其反掠食反应。

目的：本研究的目的是确定春季和秋季两个山谷中诺尔羚羊的反捕食策略（警惕性、栖息地选择和逃生地形）是否存在差异。

方法： 2019年春季，我们对尼泊尔安纳普尔纳保护区马南河谷和纳尔富河谷的瑙尔河谷及其栖息地的现状进行了勘察。2020年春秋和2021年，我们观察了360只焦点诺尔个体（每个山谷180只），使用警戒行为方法来检查诺尔人的行为。

主要结果： Manang 和 Nar Phu 山谷之间的 naur 群体规模几乎没有差异。在有雪豹和狼的马南 (15%)，诺尔人的警惕性是在只有雪豹的纳尔富 (9%) 的诺尔人的两倍。马南 (Manang) 地区从瑙尔 (Naur) 到逃生掩体的距离明显短于纳尔富 (Nar Phu) 山谷。纳尔富 (Nar Phu) 的起伏地形明显多于马南 (Manang)。

结论：狼返回马南山谷可能导致诺尔人的警惕性提高。最有可能的是，马南的狼已经对雌性与幼年的比例产生了影响，这种影响可能会对诺尔族种群以及未来的生态系统水平产生重要影响。其他关键决定因素，例如气候危机和当地资源的变化，可能对瑙尔族人口产生重大影响，表明需要进行更多研究。

意义：这项研究的结果将为保护管理者和科学家针对瑙尔、雪豹和狼设计基于科学的保护策略提供有价值的基线信息。