Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects primarily the salivary glands, making perturbations in the oral ecosystem and potential factors of salivary flow that influence the onset and development of the disease. The oral cavity contains diverse microorganisms that inhabit various niches such as the oral microbial “biomap.” It does not seem specific enough to establish a characteristic microbiome, given the diversity of clinical manifestations, variable rates of salivary secretion, and influential risk factors in patients with SS. This review discusses the biogeography of the oral microbiome in patients with SS such as saliva, tongue, tooth, mucosa, and gum. The microorganisms that were more abundant in the different oral niches were Gram-positive species, suggesting a higher survival of cell wall bacteria in this arid oral environment. Reduced salivary flow appears not to be linked to the cause of dysbiosis alone but influences host-associated risk factors. However, much work remains to be done to establish the role of the microbiome in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as SS. Future studies of the microbiome in autoimmunity will shed light on the role of specific microorganisms that have never been linked before with SS.

中文翻译：

---

干旱环境下的口腔微生物生物图谱：干燥综合征

干燥综合征（SS）是一种自身免疫性疾病，主要影响唾液腺，导致口腔生态系统的扰动和唾液流动的潜在因素影响疾病的发生和发展。口腔含有多种微生物，它们栖息在不同的生态位中，例如口腔微生物“生物图”。鉴于 SS 患者临床表现的多样性、唾液分泌率的可变性以及影响因素，建立特征性微生物组似乎不够具体。本综述讨论了 SS 患者口腔微生物组的生物地理学，如唾液、舌头、牙齿、粘膜和牙龈。不同口腔生态位中更丰富的微生物是革兰氏阳性菌，表明细胞壁细菌在这种干旱的口腔环境中存活率更高。唾液流量减少似乎与菌群失调的原因无关，但会影响宿主相关的危险因素。然而，为了确定微生物组在 SS 等自身免疫性疾病发病机制中的作用，仍有许多工作要做。未来对微生物组在自身免疫中的研究将揭示以前从未与 SS 相关的特定微生物的作用。