Chemical bonding is central to explaining many phenomena. Research in chemical education and the Framework for K–12 Science Education (the Framework) argue for new approaches to learning chemical bonding grounded in (1) using ideas of the balance of electric forces and energy minimization to explain bond formation, (2) using learning progressions (LPs) grounded in these ideas to support learning, and (3) engaging students in 3D learning reflected in integrating the three dimensions of scientific knowledge to make sense of phenomena. The dimensions include disciplinary core ideas, scientific and engineering practices, and crosscutting concepts. While the Framework describes the theoretical basis of 3D learning, empirical evidence for the development and validation of LPs for 3D learning is limited. This work addresses that issue for the topic of chemical bonding. We develop and validate a 3D construct map for chemical bonding grounded in the idea of balance of electric forces and energy minimization. A construct map represents a finer-grained LP spanning a shorter period and focusing on specific aspects of a larger-scale LP. An NGSS-aligned validated 3D LP has never been reported for the topic of chemical bonding. The LP is based on data from 9th grade Mid-Western and Western students who used the NGSS-aligned curriculum. Multiple validity evidence sources, including interview and item response theory analysis using an assessment tool developed to probe the 3D construct map levels, were used. We demonstrate the feasibility of using the assessment tool for assigning levels to individuals and groups of learners, which is essential for the practical applicability of the 3D construct map and provides teachers with information on how to promote learning. We hope that the 3D LP presented here will serve as a guide to develop instructional and assessment approaches for chemical bonding grounded in the fundamental scientific principles and aligned to NGSS.

中文翻译：

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从能量和力的角度开发和验证符合下一代科学标准的化学键构造图

化学键是解释许多现象的核心。化学教育研究和 K-12 科学教育框架（框架）主张学习化学键的新方法，其基础是 (1) 使用电力平衡和能量最小化的思想来解释键的形成，(2) 使用以这些思想为基础的学习进程 (LP) 可以支持学习，(3) 让学生参与 3D 学习，体现在整合科学知识的三个维度以理解现象。这些维度包括学科核心思想、科学和工程实践以及交叉概念。虽然框架虽然描述了 3D 学习的理论基础，但用于 3D 学习的 LP 开发和验证的经验证据有限。这项工作解决了化学键合主题的这个问题。我们基于电力平衡和能量最小化的理念，开发并验证了化学键的 3D 构造图。构造图代表更细粒度的 LP，跨越较短的时期并专注于更大规模的 LP 的特定方面。从未报道过针对化学键合主题的经 NGSS 验证的 3D LP。该 LP 基于使用 NGSS 一致课程的 9 年级中西部和西部学生的数据。使用了多种有效性证据来源，包括访谈和使用为探测 3D 构造图水平而开发的评估工具进行的项目反应理论分析。我们证明了使用评估工具为个人和学习者群体分配级别的可行性，这对于 3D 构造图的实际应用至关重要，并为教师提供了如何促进学习的信息。我们希望此处介绍的 3D LP 将作为开发基于基本科学原理并与 NGSS 保持一致的化学键合教学和评估方法的指南。