Vitamin A and vitamin D metabolites are ligands to nuclear receptors – namely RAR, RXR and VDR. The activation of these receptors in human B cells impacts B cell maturation and function. In this review, we discuss how 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) individually or in conjunction, signal through their nuclear receptors and thereby impact B cell differentiation, immunoglobulin class switching to IgA at the expense of IgE, and also B cell migration and homing. Impact of the vitamin metabolites individually on B cell survival factors are well elucidated, be it the regulation of BAFF and APRIL, the induction of TGF-β or suppression of NF-κB. Very little is known about the impact of 9cRA and calcitriol together on B cells. Recently our group revealed that 9cRA and calcitriol together in the context of the B cell differentiation, induces naïve B cell differentiation into IgA⁺ plasmablasts, the functional and underlying molecular regulations however require further investigation. In conclusion, the conjunctional impact of these nuclear receptor ligands on B cell functionality is important to better understand B cell dependent clinical outcomes in allergy and autoimmunity. Within this review, we hypothesize that a balance between both vitamins is of utmost importance to provide a robust humoral immune response and a better treatment of disorders characterised by dysregulated immune responses such as IgE-dependent allergy or autoimmunity such as lupus erythematosus.

维生素 A 和维生素 D 代谢物是核受体（即 RAR、RXR 和 VDR）的配体。人类 B 细胞中这些受体的激活会影响 B 细胞的成熟和功能。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 9-顺式视黄酸 (9cRA) 和 1,25-二羟基维生素 D3（骨化三醇）如何单独或联合通过其核受体发出信号，从而影响 B 细胞分化、免疫球蛋白类别向 IgA 的切换IgE 以及 B 细胞迁移和归巢。维生素代谢物单独对 B 细胞存活因子的影响已得到很好的阐明，无论是 BAFF 和 APRIL 的调节、TGF-β 的诱导还是 NF-κB 的抑制。关于 9cRA 和骨化三醇一起对 B 细胞的影响知之甚少。最近，我们的小组发现，9cRA 和骨化三醇在 B 细胞分化的背景下共同诱导幼稚 B 细胞分化为 IgA ⁺浆母细胞，但功能和潜在的分子调节需要进一步研究。总之，这些核受体配体对 B 细胞功能的联合影响对于更好地了解过敏和自身免疫中 B 细胞依赖性临床结果非常重要。在这篇综述中，我们假设两种维生素之间的平衡对于提供强大的体液免疫反应和更好地治疗以免疫反应失调为特征的疾病（如 IgE 依赖性过敏或自身免疫如红斑狼疮）至关重要。