The study objective was the determination of the temporal and spatial variability/changes in the occurrence of heat waves and cold spells in Poland, and characteristics of biometeorological conditions during their occurrence based on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The research was based on data provided by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute from the period 1966–2021 for 37 stations in Poland. A heat wave was (HW) defined as a sequence of at least 3 days with maximum daily air temperature >30.0 °C, and a cold spell (CS) as a sequence of at least 3 days with maximum daily air temperature <-10.0 °C. After identifying HWs and CSs, the pattern of their occurrence was determined, i.e. their number and duration, first and last day of HWs and CSs, and the longest HW and CS. The analyses were performed for each station. Characteristics of biometeorological conditions were conducted based on the UTCI. Daily UTCI values provided the basis for the calculation of mean index values for individual HWs and CSs. Those with the highest and lowest mean UTCI were identified, as well as their days with the maximum and minimum UTCI values. The frequency of occurrence of individual classes of thermal stress during HWs and CSs was also determined. The study showed more and more frequent occurrence of HWs in Poland. Regions of Poland the most prone to the occurrence of HWs were the southern and central-western regions. They were also regions in which HWs were characterised by some of the highest UTCI values. The analysed years also showed high variability of occurrence of CSs both in temporal and spatial terms. The highest number and the longest CSs were recorded until the end of the 1980's. The study showed that the most strenuous biometeorological conditions were recorded in east, and particularly north-east Poland.

研究目的是根据通用热气候指数（UTCI）确定波兰热浪和寒潮发生的时间和空间变异/变化，以及发生期间生物气象条件的特征。该研究基于国家气象与水管理研究所 1966 年至 2021 年期间提供的波兰 37 个气象站的数据。热浪 (HW) 定义为连续至少 3 天且每日最高气温 >30.0 °C，寒潮 (CS) 定义为连续至少 3 天且每日最高气温 <-10.0 °C C。在识别HW和CS之后，确定它们的出现模式，即它们的数量和持续时间、HW和CS的第一天和最后一天以及最长的HW和CS。对每个站进行了分析。生物气象条件的特征是根据UTCI 进行的。每日 UTCI 值为计算各个 HW 和 CS 的平均指数值提供了基础。确定了平均 UTCI 最高和最低的那些，以及具有最大和最小 UTCI 值的日期。还确定了 HW 和 CS 期间各个类别热应力的发生频率。研究表明，波兰的家庭暴力现象越来越频繁。波兰最容易发生 HW 的地区是南部和中西部地区。这些地区的 HW 的 UTCI 值也最高。分析的年份还显示，CS 发生在时间和空间方面的高度变异性。最多数量和最长的 CS 记录直到 20 世纪 80 年代末。研究表明，东部地区，特别是波兰东北部的生物气象条件最为严峻。