Gadolinium (Gd) nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly considered as a viable alternative to clinically employed Gd chelates in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The utilisation of these materials as contrast agents offers several advantages including lower toxicity, prolonged circulation time, and a sufficiently high Gd content, thereby enhancing disease imaging during MRI diagnosis. Therefore, this study synthesised Gd NPs using the hydrothermal method based on the response surface methodology Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) to determine the optimal conditions. In this experimental design, three independent variables, the mass of Gd₂O₃ (g), the synthesis temperature (°C) and time (h), were optimised to obtain sufficiently sized nanoparticles for further biomedical applications. In addition, polyethene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) was used as a stabiliser to form uniformly sized nanoparticles. The optimal conditions were 0.4910 g of Gd₂O₃, a temperature of 180 °C, and a synthesis time of 7 h. Characterisation by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) demonstrated that the Gd NPs were spherical with a size range below 20 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified PEG molecules with low intensity on the Gd NPs and the obtained zeta potential value was +36.7±0.802 mV. The RSM-BBD analysis applied in this study facilitated the determination of the optimal synthesis conditions.

钆 (Gd) 纳米粒子 (NP) 越来越多地被认为是磁共振成像 (MRI) 中临床使用的 Gd 螯合物的可行替代品。使用这些材料作为造影剂具有多种优点，包括毒性较低、循环时间延长和足够高的Gd含量，从而增强MRI诊断过程中的疾病成像。因此，本研究采用基于响应面法Box-Behnken设计（RSM-BBD）的水热法合成Gd NPs，以确定最佳条件。_{在这个实验设计中，三个自变量，Gd 2} O ₃的质量(g)、合成温度(°C)和时间(h)经过优化以获得足够尺寸的纳米颗粒用于进一步的生物医学应用。此外，聚乙二醇-6000（PEG-6000）用作稳定剂以形成尺寸均匀的纳米颗粒。最佳条件为0.4910 g Gd ₂ O ₃，温度180℃，合成时间7小时。扫描电子显微镜-能量色散X射线（SEM-EDX）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）表征表明Gd NPs呈球形，尺寸范围低于20 nm。傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱鉴定了Gd NP上的低强度PEG分子，获得的zeta电位值为+36.7±0.802 mV。本研究中应用的 RSM-BBD 分析有助于确定最佳合成条件。