Purpose

This study aims to reconstruct how smallholder farmers implement livelihood adaptation strategies to survive and escape poverty, thereby mitigating or eliminating potential livelihood risks by utilizing their available assets.

Design/methodology/approach

This research employed a qualitative approach. For the collection of primary data, the researcher conducted observations and in-depth interviews and engaged with the lives of smallholder farmers during the data collection period.

Findings

Among the various livelihood adaptation strategies, only migration and profit-sharing strategies enable smallholder farmers to escape poverty. However, migration is an unsustainable adaptation strategy. When farmers move to new locations, they often resort to slash-and-burn methods for clearing land, which can lead to forest degradation and deforestation. Profit sharing is a sustainable livelihood adaptation strategy that falls into a different category. This approach can lift farmers out of poverty, increase their income and have no negative environmental impact. Other adaptation strategies include adjustments to traditional agriculture, both on and off-farm diversification, involving the family in income generation, reducing farming costs, practicing frugality in post-harvest processes, converting land from coffee cultivation to other crops and borrowing money and selling owned assets. Smallholder farmers implement these strategies to survive the existing economic conditions.

Originality/value

The profit-sharing strategy was a novel livelihood adaptation approach that previous studies had yet to uncover at the research site. In this strategy, farmers assume the roles of both managers and laborers simultaneously during farming, while toke (the capital owners) play the role of farming funders. The generated profit is then shared between farmers and toke based on the agreement established at the outset of their collaboration.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚明古鲁小农咖啡农的生计适应策略

目的

本研究旨在重建小农如何实施生计适应策略以生存和摆脱贫困，从而利用其现有资产减轻或消除潜在的生计风险。

设计/方法论/途径

这项研究采用了定性方法。为了收集第一手数据，研究者在数据收集期间进行了观察和深度访谈，并深入小农户的生活。

发现

在各种生计适应策略中，只有移民和利润分享策略能够使小农摆脱贫困。然而，移民是一种不可持续的适应策略。当农民搬到新地点时，他们经常采用刀耕火种的方法来清理土地，这可能导致森林退化和森林砍伐。利润分享是一种可持续生计适应策略，属于不同的类别。这种方法可以帮助农民摆脱贫困，增加他们的收入，并且不会对环境产生负面影响。其他适应战略包括对传统农业的调整，包括农场内和农场外的多样化，让家庭参与创收，降低农业成本，在收获后过程中实行节俭，将土地从种植咖啡改为种植其他作物，并借钱和出售自有资产。小农实施这些策略是为了在现有的经济条件下生存。

原创性/价值

利润分享策略是一种新颖的生计适应方法，之前的研究尚未在研究现场发现。在这一策略中，农民在耕作过程中同时扮演管理者和劳动者的角色，而托克（资本所有者）则扮演农业资助者的角色。然后，根据合作开始时签订的协议，农民和托克之间分享产生的利润。