In membrane filtration technology, membrane fouling is the primary obstacle to optimizing efficiency and results in a short membrane lifetime and high operating costs. By incorporating nanomaterials into the membrane synthesis process, a mixed-matrix membrane with significantly enhanced characteristics and performance may be obtained. Graphene oxide (GO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), tin oxide (SnO2), and titanium oxide (TiO₂) were incorporated into a polyethersulfone (PESU) membrane. The water permeability of the modified membranes showed improvements when compared with the pure membrane. It increased from 65 L/m² h bar for the pristine membrane (PES-1) to 143.6, 83.68, 92.12, 75.43 L/m² h bar for Al₂O₃ (PES-2), TiO₂ (PES-3), SnO₂ (PES-4), and GO (PES-5) membranes, respectively. It was discovered that the membrane's surface hydrophilicity was significantly and directly affected by the incorporation of nanoparticles. Fouling parameters include R_r (Reversible fouling ratio), R_ir (irreversible fouling ratio), R_t (total fouling ratio), and F_rr (flux recovery ratio) and were measured to determine the membrane's fouling tendency. The results showed that the membrane's propensity for fouling could be reduced when nanoparticles were incorporated into it. The experimental results are best explained by the cake layer and both standard and intermediate blocking mechanism models, as determined by the traditional single fouling models.

在膜过滤技术中，膜污染是优化效率的主要障碍，并导致膜寿命短和运营成本高。通过将纳米材料纳入膜合成过程中，可以获得特性和性能显着增强的混合基质膜。将氧化石墨烯（GO）、氧化铝（Al2O3）、氧化锡（SnO2）和氧化钛（TiO ₂）纳入聚醚砜（PESU）膜中。与纯膜相比，改性膜的透水性有所改善。它从原始膜 (PES-1) 的 65 L/m ² h bar 增加到Al ₂ O ₃的143.6、83.68、92.12、75.43 L/m ^{2 h bar}(PES-2)、TiO ₂ (PES-3)、SnO ₂ (PES-4) 和 GO (PES-5) 膜。研究发现，纳米粒子的掺入对膜的表面亲水性有显着且直接的影响。结垢参数包括R _r（可逆结垢率）、R _ir（不可逆结垢率）、R _t（总结垢率）和F _rr（通量回收率）并进行测量以确定膜的结垢倾向。结果表明，当纳米粒子掺入膜中时，可以降低膜的结垢倾向。实验结果最好由滤饼层以及标准和中间阻塞机制模型来解释，如传统的单一污垢模型所确定的。