Melanoma had long been considered to be particularly addressable with immunotherapy, but that reputation was built on modestly effective cytokine-based immunotherapy. CTLA-4 antibody therapy reinforced this legacy, but PD-1 antibodies transformed the melanoma treatment landscape and lead the way for immunotherapy to become standard treatment for more than half of the advanced cancer population. BRAF mutations were discovered in 8% of all cancer and nearly 50% of melanomas. Successful development of BRAF inhibitors and BRAF/MEK combination therapy in melanoma preceded regulatory approval across all cancer types. No cancer type saw outcomes improved by the same margin as melanoma in the decade of the 2010s.

中文翻译：

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黑色素瘤治疗二十年展望

长期以来，黑色素瘤一直被认为可以通过免疫疗法特别解决，但这种声誉是建立在不太有效的基于细胞因子的免疫疗法之上的。CTLA-4 抗体疗法强化了这一传统，但 PD-1 抗体改变了黑色素瘤治疗格局，并引领免疫疗法成为一半以上晚期癌症人群的标准治疗方法。在 8% 的癌症和近 50% 的黑色素瘤中发现了 BRAF 突变。BRAF 抑制剂和 BRAF/MEK 联合疗法治疗黑色素瘤的成功开发先于所有癌症类型的监管批准。在 2010 年代的十年里，没有一种癌症类型的预后改善程度与黑色素瘤相同。