Abstract

The Tonga volcano is among the five most powerful volcanoes in the world. The explosion of the Tonga volcano on January 15, 2022, was unique. It has led to disturbances in the lithosphere, World Ocean, atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and all geophysical fields. A number of studies have been devoted to the disturbance of the Earth’s magnetic field. The transport of magnetic field disturbances by atmospheric gravity waves and tsunamis, disturbances in magnetically conjugated regions due to acoustic resonance, the effect on the equatorial electrojet, etc., have been studied. This is far from the end of the variety of magnetic effects of the Tonga volcano. This study is aimed at describing the results of the analysis of global bay disturbances in the geomagnetic field observed after the Tonga volcano explosion on January 15, 2022. The results of measuring the temporal variations in the level of the X, Y, and Z components by the INTERMAGNET world network of stations are used as initial data. The analysis of the magnetic data is preceded by an analysis of space weather conditions. A preliminary analysis of temporal variations in the level of the X-, Y-, and Z-components indicates that these variations on the reference days are smoother than on January 15, 2022. An analysis of the temporal variations in the level of the X-, Y-, and Z-components of the geomagnetic field and a statistical analysis of the disturbance parameters have shown the following. Bay disturbances of all components of the geomagnetic field are observed with a time delay that varies depending on the distance to the volcano from several tens of minutes to 100–200 min. The magnitude of the effect varies from approximately 10 to approximately 60 nT. The largest disturbances occur in the Y component. The delay time and duration of disturbances increase with an increase in the distance from the volcano, while their amplitude, on the contrary, decreases. The speed of propagation of bay disturbances is close to the speed of the blast wave. Bay disturbances are weakly expressed or completely absent on the night side of the planet. It is substantiated that bay disturbances are closely related to the occurrence of an ionospheric hole under the action of a blast wave from the volcano. The results of estimates of bay disturbances are in good agreement with the observation results.

中文翻译：

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2022 年 1 月 15 日汤加火山灾难性爆发带来的地磁场湾状变化

摘要

汤加火山是世界上五座最强大的火山之一。2022 年 1 月 15 日汤加火山的爆发是独一无二的。它导致了岩石圈、世界海洋、大气层、电离层、磁层和所有地球物理场的扰动。许多研究致力于地球磁场的扰动。研究了大气重力波和海啸引起的磁场扰动的传递、声共振引起的磁共轭区域的扰动、对赤道电射流的影响等。汤加火山的各种磁效应还远没有结束。本研究旨在描述2022年1月15日汤加火山爆发后观测到的全球海湾地磁场扰动的分析结果。INTERMAGNET 世界站网络的X、Y和Z分量用作初始数据。在分析磁数据之前，先分析空间天气条件。对X、Y和Z分量水平的时间变化的初步分析表明，参考日的这些变化比 2022 年 1 月 15 日更加平滑。对X分量水平的时间变化的分析-、Y - 和Z-地磁场的分量和扰动参数的统计分析表明如下。观察到地磁场所有成分的海湾扰动的时间延迟取决于距火山的距离，从几十分钟到 100-200 分钟不等。效应的强度从大约 10 nT 到大约 60 nT 不等。最大的扰动发生在Y成分。扰动的延迟时间和持续时间随着距火山距离的增加而增加，而幅度则相反。海湾扰动的传播速度接近爆炸波的速度。海湾扰动在行星的夜间一侧表现微弱或完全不存在。研究证实，海湾扰动与火山冲击波作用下电离层空洞的出现密切相关。海湾扰动的估计结果与观测结果吻合较好。