Multiple models regarding the etiology of externalizing behaviors have been proposed, each suggesting differing patterns of interrelations between externalizing factors longitudinally. Because prior studies investigating the longitudinal relations between externalizing factors have relied upon correlated-factor models, it is unclear if the longitudinal relations between externalizing factors are due to variance shared across factors, variance unique to specific factors, or non-externalizing factor variance. The goals of this study were to determine if an S − 1 Bifactor model provided the best fit across this early childhood sample, determine if the longitudinal relations between externalizing factors remained consistent across the primary groups in this sample (i.e., two-, three-, and four/five-year-old children, Black children, White children, Hispanic children, non-Hispanic children), and examine these longitudinal relations within the context of prominent etiological models. In this study, teachers rated the externalizing behaviors of 2,390 children (mean age = 42.80 Months; SD = 11.56) in early childhood settings at two points within the same year. Results indicated that an S − 1 Bifactor model provided the best fit for the overall sample and each subgroup examined. Results also supported measurement and structural invariance across age, race (i.e., Black vs. White children, and ethnicity (i.e., Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic) separately. Contrary to our expectations, there were no significant cross-factor longitudinal relations between assessment periods. Implications for the understanding and development of externalizing behaviors across early childhood are discussed

已经提出了关于外化行为病因学的多种模型，每个模型都表明外化因素之间纵向相互关系的不同模式。由于先前研究外化因素之间的纵向关系依赖于相关因素模型，因此尚不清楚外化因素之间的纵向关系是否是由于因素间共享的方差、特定因素特有的方差或非外化因素方差造成的。本研究的目标是确定 S-1 双因子模型是否在该早期儿童样本中提供了最佳拟合，确定外化因素之间的纵向关系是否在该样本的主要群体中保持一致（即两个、三个） ，以及四/五岁的孩子，黑人儿童，白人儿童，西班牙裔儿童、非西班牙裔儿童），并在突出的病因学模型的背景下检查这些纵向关系。在这项研究中，教师对 2,390 名儿童（平均年龄 = 42.80 个月；SD  = 11.56）在幼儿教育环境中同一年内的两个时间点。结果表明，S − 1 双因子模型为整个样本和所检查的每个亚组提供了最佳拟合。结果还分别支持了年龄、种族（即黑人与白人儿童和种族（即西班牙裔与非西班牙裔））之间的测量和结构不变性。与我们的预期相反，评估之间不存在显着的跨因素纵向关系讨论了对整个幼儿期外化行为的理解和发展的影响