Forest restoration has never been higher on policymakers' agendas. Complex and multi-dimensional arrangements across the urban–rural continuum challenge restorationists and require integrative approaches to strengthen environmental protection and increase restoration outcomes. It remains unclear if urban and rural forest restoration are moving towards or away from each other in practice and research, and whether comparing research outcomes can help stakeholders to gain a clearer understanding of the interconnectedness between the two fields. This study aims to identify the challenges and opportunities for enhancing forest restoration in both urban and rural systems by reviewing the scientific evidence, engaging with key stakeholders and using an urban–rural forest restoration framework. Using the Society for Ecological Restoration's International Principles as discussion topics, we highlight aspects of convergence and divergence between the two fields to broaden our understanding of forest restoration and promote integrative management approaches to address future forest conditions. Our findings reveal that urban and rural forest restoration have convergent and divergent aspects. We emphasise the importance of tailoring goals and objectives to specific contexts and the need to design different institutions and incentives based on the social and ecological needs and goals of stakeholders in different regions. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of achieving high levels of ecological restoration and the need to go beyond traditional ecology to plan, implement, monitor, and adaptively manage restored forests. We suggest that rivers and watersheds could serve as a common ground linking rural and urban landscapes and that forest restoration could interact with other environmental protection measures. We note the potential for expanding the creative vision associated with increasing tree-containing environments in cities to generate more diverse and resilient forest restoration outcomes in rural settings. This study underscores the value of integrative management approaches in addressing future forest conditions across the urban–rural continuum. Our framework provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and decision-makers to advance the field of forest restoration and address the challenges of restoration across the urban–rural continuum. The rural–urban interface serves as a convergence point for forest restoration, and both urban and rural fields can benefit from each other's expertise.

中文翻译：

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城乡森林恢复科学与实践的趋同与分歧

森林恢复在政策制定者的议程中占据了前所未有的高度。城乡连续体的复杂和多维安排对恢复主义者提出了挑战，需要采取综合方法来加强环境保护和提高恢复成果。目前尚不清楚城市和农村森林恢复在实践和研究中是否正在走向或背离，以及比较研究成果是否可以帮助利益相关者更清楚地了解这两个领域之间的相互联系。本研究旨在通过审查科学证据、与主要利益相关者合作并使用城乡森林恢复框架，确定加强城乡系统森林恢复的挑战和机遇。我们以生态恢复协会的国际原则为讨论主题，强调两个领域之间的趋同和分歧，以拓宽我们对森林恢复的理解，并推广综合管理方法来解决未来的森林状况。我们的研究结果表明，城乡森林恢复既有趋同性，也有差异性。我们强调根据具体情况制定目标的重要性，以及根据不同地区利益相关者的社会和生态需求和目标设计不同制度和激励措施的必要性。此外，我们还讨论了实现高水平生态恢复的挑战，以及超越传统生态学来规划、实施、监测和适应性管理恢复森林的必要性。我们建议河流和流域可以作为连接农村和城市景观的共同点，森林恢复可以与其他环境保护措施相互作用。我们注意到，与增加城市树木环境相关的创造性愿景有可能扩大，从而在农村环境中产生更加多样化和有弹性的森林恢复成果。这项研究强调了综合管理方法在解决城乡连续体未来森林状况方面的价值。我们的框架为政策制定者、研究人员和决策者提供了宝贵的见解，以推动森林恢复领域的发展并应对整个城乡连续体的恢复挑战。城乡结合部是森林恢复的交汇点，城乡领域可以从彼此的专业知识中受益。