Biodiesel represents a biodegradable, environmentally friendly, and renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Despite more than three decades of research, significant obstacles still hinder the widespread production of biodiesel. This current review elucidates both the potential and the existing challenges associated with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in catalyzing biodiesel production, with a particular focus on alkali analogues, alkaline earth metal oxides, and titania-based catalysts. In particular, a comprehensive analysis is presented concerning alkali and alkaline earth-based titania (TiO₂) catalysts. Among these, the alkaline earth metal oxides, including lithium, calcium, and strontium when combined with titanium-based catalysts, exhibit superior catalytic activity compared to other metal oxides, owing to their heightened basicity. Consequently, this review offers a thorough and up-to-date insight into the potential of titania-based heterogeneous catalysts for advancing biodiesel production.

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用于可持续生物柴油生产的钛基碱和碱土金属氧化物催化剂的发展：综述

生物柴油是一种可生物降解、环保且可再生的化石燃料替代品。尽管进行了三十多年的研究，但生物柴油的广泛生产仍然存在重大障碍。本综述阐明了均相和非均相催化剂在催化生物柴油生产中的潜力和现有挑战，特别关注碱类似物、碱土金属氧化物和二氧化钛基催化剂。特别是，对碱金属和碱土金属二氧化钛 (TiO ₂ ) 催化剂进行了全面分析。其中，碱土金属氧化物，包括锂、钙和锶，当与钛基催化剂结合时，由于其碱性较高，与其他金属氧化物相比表现出优异的催化活性。因此，这篇综述对二氧化钛基多相催化剂在促进生物柴油生产方面的潜力提供了全面和最新的见解。