The lung is a complex organ comprising a branched airway that connects the large airway and millions of terminal gas-exchange units. Traditional pulmonary biomedical research by using cell line model system have limitations such as lack of cellular heterogeneity, animal models also have limitations including ethical concern, race-to-race variations, and physiological differences found in vivo. Organoids and on-a-chip models offer viable solutions for these issues. Organoids are three-dimensional, self-organized construct composed of numerous cells derived from stem cells cultured with growth factors required for the maintenance of stem cells. On-a-chip models are biomimetic microsystems which are able to customize to use microfluidic systems to simulate blood flow in blood channels or vacuum to simulate human breathing. This review summarizes the key components and previous biomedical studies conducted on lung organoids and lung-on-a-chip models, and introduces potential future applications. Considering the importance and benefits of these model systems, we believe that the system will offer better platform to biomedical researchers on pulmonary diseases, such as emerging viral infection, progressive fibrotic pulmonary diseases, or primary or metastatic lung cancer.

中文翻译：

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芯片上的肺类器官：用于临床前研究的新整体模型。

肺是一个复杂的器官，包括连接大气道和数百万个终末气体交换单元的分支气道。使用细胞系模型系统进行的传统肺部生物医学研究存在细胞异质性缺乏等局限性，动物模型也存在伦理问题、种族差异以及体内发现的生理差异等局限性。类器官和芯片模型为这些问题提供了可行的解决方案。类器官是三维的自组织结构，由许多源自干细胞的细胞组成，这些细胞与维持干细胞所需的生长因子一起培养。片上模型是仿生微系统，能够定制使用微流体系统来模拟血液通道中的血流或真空来模拟人类呼吸。本综述总结了肺类器官和肺芯片模型的关键组成部分和之前进行的生物医学研究，并介绍了未来潜在的应用。考虑到这些模型系统的重要性和益处，我们相信该系统将为肺部疾病（例如新出现的病毒感染、进行性纤维化肺部疾病或原发性或转移性肺癌）的生物医学研究人员提供更好的平台。