Introduction Milk from cows, goats and sheep was analysed in terms of content of fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Material and Methods Altogether, 73 milk samples from cows (n = 38), goats (n = 20) and sheep (n = 15) were collected from various regions of Poland. Concentrations of analytes were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results The lower-bound sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFASs) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) were highest in sheep’s (0.0055 μg/kg), lower in goat’s (0.0046 μg/kg), and lowest in cow’s milk (0.0008 μg/kg). Goat’s and sheep’s milk was statistically significantly more contaminated than cow’s milk. None of the samples exceeded the indicative values set by Commission Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431, and even the maximum detected concentrations were an order of magnitude lower. The most frequently detected was linear PFOS, which was found in 33%, 76% and 93% of cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk samples, respectively. Based on mean upper-bound ∑4 PFAS concentrations and average milk consumption, the estimated intake of ∑4 PFASs ranged from 0.153 to 0.266 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) for children and from 0.050 to 0.88 ng/kg b.w. for adults, which indicates that exposure is very low and is merely <7% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and <2% of the TWI for adults. Conclusion Regardless of the milk type, the intake of PFASs via consumption of Polish milk does not contribute significantly to the overall PFAS intake of either adults or children.

中文翻译：

---

牛奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶中存在全氟烷基物质 - 膳食摄入量和风险评估

简介 对牛、山羊和绵羊的牛奶中 14 种全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的含量进行了分析。材料和方法 总共从波兰不同地区采集了 73 个来自奶牛 (n = 38)、山羊 (n = 20) 和绵羊 (n = 15) 的牛奶样品。使用液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 测定分析物的浓度。结果 四种PFAS（Σ4 PFAS）浓度下限总和（全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸和全氟己磺酸）在绵羊中最高（0.0055 μg/kg），在山羊中较低（0.0046 μg/kg） ），牛奶中含量最低（0.0008 μg/kg）。据统计，山羊奶和绵羊奶的污染程度明显高于牛奶。所有样品均未超过委员会建议 (EU) 2022/1431 设定的指示值，甚至最高检测浓度也降低了一个数量级。最常检测到的是线性全氟辛烷磺酸，分别在 33%、76% 和 93% 的牛奶、山羊奶和绵羊奶样品中发现。根据 Σ4 PFAS 浓度平均上限和平均牛奶消耗量，儿童 Σ4 PFAS 的估计摄入量范围为 0.153 至 0.266 ng/kg 体重 (bw)，成人则为 0.050 至 0.88 ng/kg 体重 (bw)，其中表明暴露量非常低，仅<儿童每周耐受摄入量 (TWI) 的 7%，成人每周耐受摄入量 (TWI) 的<2%。结论 无论哪种牛奶，PFAS 的摄入量通过波兰牛奶的消费量对成人或儿童的 PFAS 总摄入量影响不大。