Fortune-telling using cards became increasingly popular in France in the late eighteenth century. But the history of cards as tools for divination has been overshadowed by myths spun by occultist writers, who claimed Tarot were the only cards truly suited to fortune-telling, because they encoded secret magical truths that dated back to ancient Egypt. This article turns from these myths to alternative sources that show cards in action: criminal prosecutions of fortune-tellers, popular card-reading manuals, and surviving cards from the period. Not only Tarot, but cards of all kinds, from playing cards to decks designed for divination became flexible tools for negotiating relationships among a broad range of the French population. As images, texts and objects to be manipulated, cards unlock common structures of emotion in nineteenth-century France, from the sense of order implied by suits, to the importance of juxtapositions and chance, and of turning things over to uncover their true, hidden meaning.

中文翻译：

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用于破碎心灵的纸工具：法国用卡片算命，c。1803–1937

十八世纪末，用纸牌算命在法国变得越来越流行。但纸牌作为占卜工具的历史却被神秘主义作家编造的神话所掩盖，他们声称塔罗牌是唯一真正适合算命的纸牌，因为它们编码了可以追溯到古埃及的秘密魔法真理。本文从这些神话转向展示纸牌实际应用的其他来源：对算命师的刑事起诉、流行的读牌手册以及该时期幸存的纸牌。不仅是塔罗牌，各种纸牌，从扑克牌到占卜牌，都成为法国广大民众之间谈判关系的灵活工具。作为被操纵的图像、文本和物体，卡片解开了十九世纪法国常见的情感结构，从西装暗示的秩序感，到并置和机会的重要性，以及翻转事物以揭示其真实的、隐藏的意义。