Atopic dermatitis is an abnormal skin condition that impacts a significant number of people in the US, with an estimated 9.6 million children and 16.5 million adults being affected by it. The study aimed to characterize and optimize clove oil-based nanomicelles for the possible topical use of bacterial infection-led atopic dermatitis. Clove oil-loaded nanomicelles were produced and carefully analyzed for vesicle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphological attributes, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, stability, dermatokinetic parameters, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging behavior and antibacterial activity. Different models, such as Korsmeyer, Higuchi, first order, and zero order were employed to evaluate the in vitro release from the formulations. The average size of the clove oil nanomicelles was found to be 100.15 nm with a PDI of 0.2104; they were observed to be darker against a light background. The evaluated mean zeta size was 121.3 nm, the zeta potential was − 15.31 mV. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of the formulation was 61.32 ± 0.98 μg/mL; clove oil was 73.56 ± 1.63 μg/mL, against ascorbic acid was 54.51 ± 0.79 μg/mL. Among the four models tested for in vitro release kinetics, the Korsmeyer Peppas model was followed by the nanomicelles formulation. Clove oil nanomicelles generated a higher concentration of 148.68 w/v on the skin epidermis within 1.5 h, whereas the conventional formulation exhibited 55.287 w/v. Moreover, clove oil nanomicelles generated a higher concentration of 125.84 µg/mL on the skin's dermis within 2 h, whereas the conventional formulation produced 68.263 µg/mL. The nanomicelles also inhibited bacterial growth within a 24-h period. The study presents initial evidence regarding the potency of clove oil-based nanomicelles and their enhanced efficiency on the skin. Thus, the prepared formulation can further be studied and incorporated for the possible use against bacterial infection-led atopic dermatitis.

中文翻译：

---

丁香油纳米胶束的表征和优化，用于局部使用细菌感染引起的特应性皮炎

特应性皮炎是一种异常皮肤病，在美国影响着相当多的人，估计有 960 万儿童和 1,650 万成年人受其影响。该研究旨在表征和优化基于丁香油的纳米胶束，用于局部使用细菌感染导致的特应性皮炎。制备了丁香油负载纳米胶束，并仔细分析了囊泡直径、多分散指数 (PDI)、zeta 电位、形态属性、包封效率、体外释放、稳定性、皮肤动力学参数、2,2-二苯基-1-三硝基苯肼 (DPPH)清除行为和抗菌活性。采用不同的模型，例如 Korsmeyer、Higuchi、一级和零级模型来评估制剂的体外释放。丁香油纳米胶束的平均尺寸为100.15 nm，PDI为0.2104；观察到它们在浅色背景下颜色更深。评估的平均 zeta 尺寸为 121.3 nm，zeta 电位为 - 15.31 mV。该制剂的抑菌浓度50（IC50）为61.32±0.98μg/mL；丁香油为 73.56 ± 1.63 μg/mL，抗坏血酸为 54.51 ± 0.79 μg/mL。在测试体外释放动力学的四个模型中，Korsmeyer Peppas 模型随后是纳米胶束配方。丁香油纳米胶束在 1.5 小时内在皮肤表皮上产生了 148.68 w/v 的较高浓度，而传统制剂的浓度为 55.287 w/v。此外，丁香油纳米胶束在 2 小时内在皮肤真皮上产生了 125.84 µg/mL 的更高浓度，而传统配方产生了 68.263 µg/mL。纳米胶束还在 24 小时内抑制细菌生长。该研究提供了关于丁香油纳米胶束的功效及其对皮肤的增强功效的初步证据。因此，可以进一步研究和合并所制备的制剂，以用于对抗细菌感染导致的特应性皮炎。