Kant clearly endorses some version of the ‘old formula of the schools’, according to which all volition is sub ratione boni. There has been a debate whether he holds this only for morally good actions. I argue that a closer look at the distinction between the good and the agreeable does not support this conclusion. Considering Kant’s account of the detrimental and the correct use of this thesis, I argue that rational beings always will sub ratione boni, even when they act immorally, because they act on principles. I argue that Kant’s accounts of self-love and self-conceit support this view.

中文翻译：

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在对哲学的“无疑无疑”和“相当有害”之间：康德在好论文的幌子下

康德明确赞同某种版本的“旧学派公式”，根据该公式，所有意志都是出于合理合理性。关于他是否仅出于道德上的良好行为才持有这一观点，一直存在争议。我认为，仔细研究善与宜人之间的区别并不支持这一结论。考虑到康德对本论点的有害性和正确使用的解释，我认为理性存在总是会低于合理的善意，即使他们的行为不道德，因为他们按照原则行事。我认为康德对自爱和自负的论述支持了这一观点。