In this systematic review, we address the status of intracortical brain-computer interfaces (iBCIs) applied to the motor cortex to improve function in patients with impaired motor ability. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 Guidelines for Systematic Reviews. Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) and the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) were used to assess bias and quality. Advances in iBCIs in the last two decades demonstrated the use of iBCI to activate limbs for functional tasks, achieve neural typing for communication, and other applications. However, the inconsistency of performance metrics employed by these studies suggests the need for standardization. Each study was a pilot clinical trial consisting of 1–4, majority male (64.28 %) participants, with most trials featuring participants treated for more than 12 months (55.55 %). The systems treated patients with various conditions: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, spinocerebellar degeneration without cerebellar involvement, and spinal cord injury. All participants presented with tetraplegia at implantation and were implanted with microelectrode arrays via pneumatic insertion, with nearly all electrode locations solely at the precentral gyrus of the motor cortex (88.88 %). The development of iBCI devices using neural signals from the motor cortex to improve motor-impaired patients has enhanced the ability of these systems to return ability to their users. However, many milestones remain before these devices can prove their feasibility for recovery. This review summarizes the achievements and shortfalls of these systems and their respective trials.

中文翻译：

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用于改善运动功能的皮质内脑机接口：系统评价

在这篇系统综述中，我们探讨了应用于运动皮层以改善运动能力受损患者功能的皮质内脑机接口（iBCIs）的现状。本研究遵循系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 (PRISMA) 2020 年系统评价指南。非随机研究中的偏倚风险 – 干预措施 (ROBINS-I) 和有效公共卫生实践项目 (EPHPP) 用于评估偏倚和质量。过去二十年 iBCI 的进展证明了使用 iBCI 来激活肢体以执行功能任务、实现用于通信的神经分型以及其他应用。然而，这些研究采用的绩效指标的不一致表明需要标准化。每项研究都是一项试点临床试验，由 1-4 名参与者组成，大多数为男性 (64.28%)，大多数试验的参与者治疗时间超过 12 个月 (55.55%)。该系统治疗了患有各种病症的患者：肌萎缩侧索硬化症、中风、不累及小脑的脊髓小脑变性以及脊髓损伤。所有参与者在植入时均出现四肢瘫痪，并通过气动插入方式植入微电极阵列，几乎所有电极位置仅位于运动皮层的中央前回（88.88％）。使用来自运动皮层的神经信号来改善运动障碍患者的 iBCI 设备的开发增强了这些系统将能力返回给用户的能力。然而，在这些设备证明其恢复可行性之前，还有许多里程碑。本文总结了这些系统及其各自的尝试的成就和不足。