Copper sulfide based phototherapy, including photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, is an emerging minimally invasive treatment of tumor, which the light was converted to heat or reactive oxygen to kill the tumor cells. Compared with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, Cu_2−xS based phototherapy is more efficient and has fewer side effects. However, considering the dose-dependent toxicity of Cu_2−xS, the performance of Cu_2−xS based phototherapy still cannot meet the requirement of the clinical application to now. To overcome this limitation, engineering of Cu_2−xS to improve the phototherapy performance by increasing light absorption has attracted extensive attention. For better guidance of Cu_2−xS engineering, we outline the currently engineering method being explored, including (1) structural engineering, (2) compositional engineering, (3) functional engineering, and (4) performance engineering. Also, the relationship between the engineering method and phototherapy performance was discussed in this review. In addition, the further development of Cu_2−xS based phototherapy is prospected, including smart materials based phototherapy, phototherapy induced immune microenvironment modulation et al. This review will provide new ideas and opportunities for engineering of Cu_2−xS with better phototherapy performance.

中文翻译：

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光疗性能介导的硫化铜工程

硫化铜光疗包括光热疗法和光动力疗法，是一种新兴的肿瘤微创治疗方法，将光转化为热或活性氧来杀死肿瘤细胞。与传统的化疗和放疗相比，基于Cu _2−x S的光疗更有效且副作用更少。_{然而，考虑到Cu 2−x} S的剂量依赖性毒性，目前基于Cu _2−x S的光疗性能仍不能满足临床应用的要求。_{为了克服这一限制，通过增加光吸收来改善光疗性能的 Cu 2−x} S工程引起了广泛的关注。为了更好地指导 Cu _2−x S 工程，我们概述了当前正在探索的工程方法，包括（1）结构工程，（2）成分工程，（3）功能工程和（4）性能工程。此外，本文还讨论了工程方法与光疗性能之间的关系。此外，还展望了基于Cu _2−x S的光疗的进一步发展，包括基于智能材料的光疗、光疗诱导的免疫微环境调节等。本综述将为具有更好光疗性能的Cu _2−x S工程提供新的思路和机会。