Agricultural intensification at field and landscape scales, including increased use of agrochemicals and loss of semi-natural habitats, is a major driver of insect declines and other community changes. Efforts to understand and mitigate these effects have traditionally focused on ecological responses. At the same time, adaptations to pesticide use and habitat fragmentation in both insects and flowering plants show the potential for rapid evolution. Yet we lack an understanding of how such evolutionary responses may propagate within and between trophic levels with ensuing consequences for conservation of species and ecological functions in agroecosystems. Here, we review the literature on the consequences of agricultural intensification on plant and animal evolutionary responses and interactions. We present a novel conceptualization of evolutionary change induced by agricultural intensification at field and landscape scales and emphasize direct and indirect effects of rapid evolution on ecosystem services. We exemplify by focusing on economically and ecologically important interactions between plants and pollinators. We showcase available eco-evolutionary theory and plant–pollinator modelling that can improve predictions of how agricultural intensification affects interaction networks, and highlight available genetic and trait-focused methodological approaches. Specifically, we focus on how spatial genetic structure affects the probability of propagated responses, and how the structure of interaction networks modulates effects of evolutionary change in individual species. Thereby, we highlight how combined trait-based eco-evolutionary modelling, functionally explicit quantitative genetics, and genomic analyses may shed light on conditions where evolutionary responses impact important ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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进化植物-传粉媒介对人为土地利用变化的反应：对生态系统服务的影响

田间和景观规模的农业集约化，包括农用化学品的使用增加和半自然栖息地的丧失，是昆虫减少和其他群落变化的主要驱动因素。传统上，理解和减轻这些影响的努力主要集中在生态反应上。与此同时，昆虫和开花植物对农药使用和栖息地破碎化的适应显示出快速进化的潜力。然而，我们缺乏对这种进化反应如何在营养级内部和营养级之间传播以及随后对农业生态系统中的物种保护和生态功能产生影响的了解。在这里，我们回顾了关于农业集约化对植物和动物进化反应和相互作用的影响的文献。我们提出了农业集约化在田间和景观尺度引起的进化变化的新概念，并强调快速进化对生态系统服务的直接和间接影响。我们通过关注植物和传粉媒介之间在经济和生态上重要的相互作用来举例说明。我们展示了可用的生态进化理论和植物传粉者模型，可以改进对农业集约化如何影响相互作用网络的预测，并强调可用的遗传和以性状为中心的方法论。具体来说，我们关注空间遗传结构如何影响传播反应的概率，以及相互作用网络的结构如何调节个体物种进化变化的影响。因此，我们强调基于性状的生态进化模型、功能明确的定量遗传学和基因组分析的结合如何可以揭示进化反应影响重要生态系统服务的条件。