This paper investigates differences in the characteristic form, frequency and role of directives in two spoken academic genres, conference presentations and university lectures. The study also reports the existence of differences between English native and non-native speakers in the way they use directives at conferences. Data consist of a self-compiled corpus of conference talks and a comparable corpus of lectures from the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). Results show that, comparatively, directives in lectures are stronger and less mitigated than in conference presentations. Conference speakers in our study make the intrinsic imposition in directives more palatable for the peer audience by using milder directive forms, deploying indirectness and stressing communal membership. Non-native speakers' directives show interesting similarities with those in lectures, a possible sign of overlapping or confusion of two major genres in the “overpopulated” generic world of academics. Findings on conference presentations and lectures are also compared with existing evidence on directives in written research articles: some characteristic roles of directives in writing are irrelevant in speech, while others, e.g. integrating visuals in the presentation and reactivating background and previously constructed content, are central to the spoken genres but irrelevant to writing.

中文翻译：

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如果你看一下表格……：会议演讲和大学讲座中的指令

本文研究了两种口语学术流派、会议演讲和大学讲座中指令的特征形式、频率和作用的差异。该研究还报告了英语母语人士和非英语母语人士在会议上使用指令的方式上存在差异。数据包括自编的会议演讲语料库和来自密歇根学术英语口语语料库 (MICASE) 的可比讲座语料库。结果表明，相比之下，讲座中的指示比会议演讲中的指示更强、更不那么缓和。我们研究中的会议发言人通过使用较温和的指令形式、采用间接性和强调社区成员资格，使指令中的内在强加更容易被同行听众接受。非母语人士的指示与讲座中的指示显示出有趣的相似之处，这可能是“人口过多”的通用学术世界中两种主要流派重叠或混淆的迹象。会议演讲和讲座的发现也与书面研究文章中指令的现有证据进行了比较：书面指令的一些特征作用与演讲无关，而其他指令，例如在演示中整合视觉效果以及重新激活背景和先前构建的内容，则是核心与口语体裁相关，但与写作无关。