Controlled synthesis and design of nanomaterials with intricate morphologies and active phases offer new prospects in harnessing their unique chemical and physical properties for various applications. Herein, a facile and efficient hydrothermal approach is reported for obtaining various complex Nb₂O₅ nanostructures, including thin sheets, thick flakes, spiky and elongated spiky sea urchin morphologies using urotropin as a growth-directing and hydrolyzing agent in various mixed and pure solvents. The detailed structural and chemical composition, surface morphology and crystallinity of as-synthesized Nb₂O₅ nanostructures are presented. The urotropin concentration, reaction time, and water-ethanol solvent mixture play a critical role for obtaining the elongated spiky sea urchin morphologies. The spiky Nb₂O₅ structures show a pseudohexagonal phase with less urotropin content, while thin sheets are obtained with a higher urotropin concentration and are primarily amorphous. These structures undergo transformation in their crystal phase and morphologies during calcination at higher temperatures revealing the active role of urotropin in stabilizing them. A composite of spiky sea urchin Nb₂O₅-carbon nanospheres (suNb₂O₅-CNS) is achieved by in-situ growth of Nb₂O₅ in the presence of CNS without compromising on morphology, phase, and crystallinity. suNb₂O₅-CNS composite is shown to possess higher charge storage capacity compared to its constituents for supercapacitor applications.

中文翻译：

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Nb2O5 纳米材料的多种形貌：细长尖刺 Nb2O5 和碳纳米球复合材料生长优化的比较研究

具有复杂形态和活性相的纳米材料的受控合成和设计为利用其独特的化学和物理性质进行各种应用提供了新的前景。本文报道了一种简便有效的水热方法，用于在各种混合和纯溶剂中使用乌洛托品作为生长导向剂和水解剂来获得各种复杂的 Nb ₂ O ₅纳米结构，包括薄片、厚片、尖刺和细长尖刺海胆形态。 。介绍了所合成的 Nb ₂ O ₅纳米结构的详细结构和化学组成、表面形貌和结晶度。乌洛托品浓度、反应时间和水-乙醇溶剂混合物对于获得细长的尖刺海胆形态起着关键作用。尖峰Nb ₂ O ₅结构显示出具有较少乌洛托品含量的假六方相，而乌洛托品浓度较高时获得薄片并且主要是无定形的。在较高温度下的煅烧过程中，这些结构的晶相和形态发生转变，揭示了乌洛托品在稳定它们方面的积极作用。尖刺海胆Nb ₂ O ₅ -碳纳米球(suNb ₂ O ₅ -CNS)的复合材料是通过在CNS存在下原位生长Nb ₂ O ₅而获得的，而不影响形态、相和结晶度。 SUNb ₂ O ₅ -CNS 复合材料与超级电容器应用的成分相比具有更高的电荷存储容量。