During the last decade, nanomaterials and supramolecular assemblies have received considerable attention in different fields of sensing applications. The interest of supramolecular assemblies arises from the exceptional performances of nanostructured films based on such assemblies, which are related to both their well-controlled structure and their large surface area. These characteristics increase the number of active sites and facilitate the charge transport pathways. In addition, supramolecular assemblies can be used to prepare multicomponent sensing layers formed by materials with complementary activity. Finally, supramolecular films are highly efficient platforms for enzyme immobilization leading to highly sensitive biosensing.

This paper describes the main concepts and approaches related to the development of supramolecular sensing layers in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Different techniques commonly employed to develop supramolecular sensing layers, such as Self-assembling, Layer-by-layer and Langmuir-Blodgett, are described and their role as electron mediators in biosensors is revised using milk as an example of the target analyte. Using this approach, enzymes are immobilized in a biomimetic environment, giving rise to efficient biosensors able to detect glucose, galactose or lactose in milk with high degree of selectivity and low limits of detection.

We also include a brief discussion of the possibilities of the integration of supramolecular assemblies into sensor arrays as the core of electronic and bioelectronic tongues. The advantages of these systems are related to their fast responses and their capability to detect many components in a single measurement. The expected limitations mainly related to the fouling of the electrodes, are also discussed.

在过去的十年中，纳米材料和超分子组装体在传感应用的不同领域受到了相当大的关注。超分子组装体的兴趣源于基于此类组装体的纳米结构薄膜的卓越性能，这与其良好控制的结构和大表面积有关。这些特性增加了活性位点的数量并促进电荷传输路径。此外，超分子组装体可用于制备由具有互补活性的材料形成的多组分传感层。最后，超分子膜是酶固定化的高效平台，可实现高度灵敏的生物传感。

本文描述了与电化学传感器和生物传感器中超分子传感层开发相关的主要概念和方法。描述了通常用于开发超分子传感层的不同技术，例如自组装、逐层和 Langmuir-Blodgett，并使用牛奶作为目标分析物的示例修改了它们在生物传感器中作为电子介体的作用。使用这种方法，酶被固定在仿生环境中，从而产生高效的生物传感器，能够以高选择性和低检测限检测牛奶中的葡萄糖、半乳糖或乳糖。

我们还简要讨论了将超分子组件集成到传感器阵列中作为电子和生物电子舌的核心的可能性。这些系统的优点与其快速响应以及在单次测量中检测多个组件的能力有关。还讨论了主要与电极结垢相关的预期限制。