Ectotherms that maintain thermal balance in the face of varying climates should be able to colonise a wide range of habitats. In lizards, thermoregulation usually appears as a variety of behaviours that buffer external influences over physiology. Basking species rely on solar radiation to raise body temperatures and usually show high thermoregulatory precision. By contrast, species that do not bask are often constrained by climatic conditions in their habitats, thus having lower thermoregulatory precision. While much focus has been given to the effects of mean habitat temperatures, relatively less is known about how seasonality affects the thermal biology of lizards on a macroecological scale. Considering the current climate crisis, assessing how lizards cope with temporal variations in environmental temperature is essential to understand better how these organisms will fare under climate change. Activity body temperatures (T_b) represent the internal temperature of an animal measured in nature during its active period (i.e. realised thermal niche), and preferred body temperatures (T_pref) are those selected by an animal in a laboratory thermal gradient that lacks thermoregulatory costs (i.e. fundamental thermal niche). Both traits form the bulk of thermal ecology research and are often studied in the context of seasonality. In this study, we used a meta-analysis to test how environmental temperature seasonality influences the seasonal variation in the T_b and T_pref of lizards that differ in thermoregulatory strategy (basking versus non-basking). Based on 333 effect sizes from 137 species, we found that T_b varied over a greater magnitude than T_pref across seasons. Variations in T_b were not influenced by environmental temperature seasonality; however, body size and thermoregulatory strategy mediated T_b responses. Specifically, larger species were subjected to greater seasonal variations in T_b, and basking species endured greater seasonal variations in T_b compared to non-basking species. On the other hand, the seasonal variation in T_pref increased with environmental temperature seasonality regardless of body size. Thermoregulatory strategy also influenced T_pref, suggesting that behaviour has an important role in mediating T_pref responses to seasonal variations in the thermal landscape. After controlling for phylogenetic effects, we showed that T_b and T_pref varied significantly across lizard families. Taken together, our results support the notion that the relationship between thermal biology responses and climatic parameters can be taxon and trait dependent. Our results also showcase the importance of considering ecological and behavioural aspects in macroecological studies. We further highlight current systematic, geographical, and knowledge gaps in thermal ecology research. Our work should benefit those who aim to understand more fully how seasonality shapes thermal biology in lizards, ultimately contributing to the goal of elucidating the evolution of temperature-sensitive traits in ectotherms.

中文翻译：

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季节性如何影响具有不同体温调节策略的蜥蜴的热生物学：荟萃分析

在不同气候下保持热平衡的变温动物应该能够在广泛的栖息地中定居。在蜥蜴中，体温调节通常表现为多种缓冲外部生理影响的行为。晒背物种依靠太阳辐射来提高体温，通常表现出很高的体温调节精度。相比之下，不晒太阳的物种往往受到栖息地气候条件的限制，因此体温调节精度较低。虽然人们对平均栖息地温度的影响给予了很多关注，但人们对季节性如何在宏观生态尺度上影响蜥蜴的热生物学知之甚少。考虑到当前的气候危机，评估蜥蜴如何应对环境温度的暂时变化对于更好地了解这些生物在气候变化下的生存至关重要。活动体温 ( T _b ) 代表动物在其活动期间（即实现的热生态位）在自然界中测量的内部温度，首选体温 ( T _pref ) 是动物在缺乏体温调节的实验室热梯度中选择的温度成本（即基本热利基）。这两个特征构成了热生态学研究的主体，并且经常在季节性的背景下进行研究。在本研究中，我们使用荟萃分析来测试环境温度季节性如何影响温度调节策略（晒太阳与不晒太阳）不同的蜥蜴的T _b和T _{pref的季节性变化。}基于 137 个物种的 333 个效应大小，我们发现T _{b 的跨季节变化幅度比}T _pref更大。T _b的变化不受环境温度季节性的影响；然而，体型和体温调节策略介导了结核病_反应。具体来说，与非晒太阳物种相比，体型较大的物种在T _{b 方面}遭受更大的季节性变化，而晒太阳物种在T _{b方面经历了更大的季节性变化。}另一方面，无论体型如何，T _{pref的季节性变化都会随着环境温度季节性的增加而增加。}温度调节策略也影响T _pref，表明行为在调节T _pref对热景观季节变化的反应中发挥着重要作用。在控制了系统发育效应后，我们发现T _b和T_{蜥蜴科之间的偏好}差异很大。综上所述，我们的结果支持这样的观点：热生物学反应和气候参数之间的关系可能依赖于分类单元和性状。我们的结果还展示了在宏观生态研究中考虑生态和行为方面的重要性。我们进一步强调当前热生态研究的系统、地理和知识差距。我们的工作应该使那些旨在更全面地了解季节性如何影响蜥蜴热生物学的人受益，最终有助于阐明变温动物温度敏感特征的进化目标。