Congenital lung and lower airway abnormalities are rare, but they are an important differential diagnosis in children with respiratory diseases, especially if the disease is recurrent or does not resolve. The factors determining the time of presentation of congenital airway pathologies include the severity of narrowing, association with other lesions and the presence or absence of congenital heart disease (CHD). Bronchoscopy is required in these cases to assess the airway early after birth or when intubation and ventilation are difficult or not possible. Many of these conditions have associated abnormalities that must be diagnosed early, as this determines surgical interventions. It may be necessary to combine imaging and bronchoscopy findings in these children to determine the correct diagnosis as well as in operative management. Endoscopic interventional procedures may be needed in many of these conditions, ranging from intubation to balloon dilatations and aortopexy. This review will describe the bronchoscopic findings in children with congenital lung and lower airway abnormalities, illustrate how bronchoscopy can be used for diagnosis and highlight the role of interventional bronchoscopy in the management of these conditions.

中文翻译：

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先天性肺和下气道异常儿童的支气管镜检查结果

先天性肺部和下呼吸道异常很少见，但它们是患有呼吸道疾病的儿童的重要鉴别诊断，特别是当疾病复发或未治愈时。决定先天性气道病变出现时间的因素包括狭窄的严重程度、与其他病变的相关性以及是否存在先天性心脏病 (CHD)。在这些情况下，需要在出生后早期或插管和通气困难或不可能时进行支气管镜检查以评估气道。其中许多疾病都与异常相关，必须及早诊断，因为这决定了手术干预措施。可能有必要结合这些儿童的影像学和支气管镜检查结果来确定正确的诊断以及手术治疗。在许多这些情况下可能需要内窥镜介入手术，从插管到球囊扩张和主动脉固定术。本综述将描述先天性肺和下气道异常儿童的支气管镜检查结果，说明如何使用支气管镜进行诊断，并强调介入支气管镜在治疗这些疾病中的作用。