In response to environmental cues, bacteria produce intracellular nucleotide messengers to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes and physiology. Studies on individual nucleotide messengers, such as (p)ppGpp or cyclic (di)nucleotides, have established their respective regulatory themes. As research on nucleotide signaling networks expands, recent studies have begun to uncover various crosstalk mechanisms between (p)ppGpp and other nucleotide messengers, including signal conversion, allosteric regulation, and target competition. The multiple layers of crosstalk implicate that (p)ppGpp is intricately linked to different nucleotide signaling pathways. From a physiological perspective, (p)ppGpp crosstalk enables fine-tuning and feedback regulation with other nucleotide messengers to achieve optimal adaptation.

为了响应环境信号，细菌产生细胞内核苷酸信使来调节多种细胞过程和生理学。对单个核苷酸信使（例如（p）ppGpp 或环（二）核苷酸）的研究已经建立了各自的调控主题。随着核苷酸信号网络研究的扩展，最近的研究已经开始揭示 (p)ppGpp 和其他核苷酸信使之间的各种串扰机制，包括信号转换、变构调节和靶点竞争。多层串扰表明 (p)ppGpp 与不同的核苷酸信号传导途径错综复杂地相关。从生理角度来看，(p)ppGpp 串扰能够与其他核苷酸信使进行微调和反馈调节，以实现最佳适应。