We estimate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for Central Asia by allowing for the possibility of linear, U-shaped and N-shaped forms, and considering the impact of ecological footprint, climate change adaptation and energy consumption. We employ a fully modified ordinary least squares framework for cointegrating polynomial regressions, and include obtained long-run relations in a panel Vector Error Correction model. The findings suggest that the linear EKC form is more coherent for Central Asia compared to the N-shaped EKC form. We link this to the fact that the Central Asian countries are in the first stage of the EKC. We observe that Gross domestic product, ecological footprint, energy consumption and climate change adaptation positively impact carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run. Moreover, there is bidirectional causality from \(GDP\) and climate change adaptation to \({CO}_{2}\) emissions, while causality is unidirectional between emissions and energy consumption.

我们通过考虑线性、U 形和 N 形形式的可能性，并考虑生态足迹、气候变化适应和能源消耗的影响来估计中亚的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）。我们采用完全修改的普通最小二乘框架来协整多项式回归，并将获得的长期关系包含在面板矢量误差校正模型中。研究结果表明，与 N 形 EKC 形式相比，中亚的线性 EKC 形式更加连贯。我们将此与中亚国家正处于EKC的第一阶段这一事实联系起来。我们观察到，从长远来看，国内生产总值、生态足迹、能源消耗和气候变化适应对二氧化碳排放产生积极影响。此外， \(GDP\)和气候变化适应与\({CO}_{2}\)排放之间存在双向因果关系，而排放与能源消耗之间是单向因果关系。