Mitochondria are central cellular metabolic hubs. Their function requires proteins encoded by nuclear DNA, but also mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) whose maintenance is essential for the proper function of the organelle. Defective mtDNA maintenance and distribution are associated with mitochondrial diseases. mtDNA is organized into nucleo-protein complexes called nucleoids that dynamically move along the mitochondrial network and interact with each other. mtDNA replication and nucleoid distribution is an active process regulated by the complex interplay of mitochondrial dynamics, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites, and cytoskeletal networks. For example, defects in mitochondrial fusion and fission or ER-mitochondria contact sites affect nucleoid maintenance and distribution. In this review, we discuss the process of nucleoid dynamics and the factors regulating nucleoid maintenance and distribution.

线粒体是细胞代谢的中心。它们的功能需要由核 DNA 编码的蛋白质，还需要线粒体 DNA (mtDNA)，线粒体 DNA 的维护对于细胞器的正常功能至关重要。线粒体 DNA 维护和分布缺陷与线粒体疾病有关。线粒体 DNA 被组织成称为类核的核蛋白复合物，它们沿着线粒体网络动态移动并相互作用。mtDNA 复制和类核分布是一个活跃的过程，受线粒体动力学、内质网 (ER)-线粒体接触位点和细胞骨架网络的复杂相互作用调节。例如，线粒体融合和裂变或内质网线粒体接触位点的缺陷会影响类核的维持和分布。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了类核动力学的过程以及调节类核维持和分布的因素。