One of the most prevalent and serious side effects of diabetes mellitus is diabetic nephropathy, which is characterized by abnormalities in kidney structure that can occur before kidney function declines. Up to 90% of persons with diabetic nephropathy and 40% of adults with severe diabetic nephropathy are unaware that they have kidney disease. Through Nrf2/HO-1/NF κβ/TNF α signaling pathways, biochemical, oxidative stress, and antioxidant biomarkers, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and histopathological studies, so we attempt to evaluate the potential corrective mechanisms of polydatin nanoparticles against diabetic nephropathy in comparison with polydatin and metformin. POLY-CSNPs, POLY, and METF treatment lowered fasting superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and glutathione content in treating the diabetic blood sugar level, glycosylated hemoglobin percentage, and oxidative stress such as lipid peroxidation level, and also enhanced antioxidant biomarkers like superoxide peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and glutathione content in treating the diabetic nephropathy. POLY-CSNPs, POLY, and METF also significantly reduced the area % of immunohistochemical reaction of TNF α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and NF κβ (nuclear factor-kappa-β), while significantly increasing the mRNA expression’s levels for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1. The results observed that POLY-CSNPs showed extremely significant efficacy in treated diabetic rats as contrasted with POLY. Histological and ultrastructural studies showed marked improvement in glomeruli, basal laminae, and proximal tubules appearing nearly identical to the normal. POLY-CSNPs revealed a marked ameliorative effect on diabetic nephropathy via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and prolonged-release properties.

中文翻译：

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虎杖甙纳米颗粒减轻糖尿病肾病链脲佐菌素模型的氧化应激和组织病理学变化：靶向Nrf2/HO-1/NF-κβ信号通路

糖尿病最常见和最严重的副作用之一是糖尿病肾病，其特征是在肾功能下降之前可能发生肾脏结构异常。高达 90% 的糖尿病肾病患者和 40% 患有严重糖尿病肾病的成人不知道自己患有肾脏疾病。通过Nrf2/HO-1/NF κβ/TNF α信号通路、生化、氧化应激和抗氧化生物标志物、超微结构、免疫组化和组织病理学研究，我们尝试评估虎杖甙纳米粒对抗糖尿病肾病的潜在纠正机制。虎杖甙和二甲双胍。POLY-CSNP、POLY 和 METF 治疗可降低空腹超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量，从而治疗糖尿病血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白百分比和氧化应激（如脂质过氧化水平），并增强抗氧化生物标志物（如超氧化物过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量在治疗糖尿病肾病中的作用。POLY-CSNP、POLY 和 METF 还显着降低了 TNF α（肿瘤坏死因子 α）和 NF κβ（核因子-κ-β）的免疫组织化学反应面积百分比，同时显着增加了核因子红细胞 2 的 mRNA 表达水平相关因子2和血红素加氧酶1。结果观察到，与 POLY 相比，POLY-CSNP 在治疗糖尿病大鼠中显示出极其显着的功效。组织学和超微结构研究显示肾小球、基底层和近端小管显着改善，几乎与正常情况相同。POLY-CSNP 通过其抗炎、抗氧化和缓释特性对糖尿病肾病具有显着的改善作用。