Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide, especially for patients who are suffering from end-stage liver disease (ESLD). The ESLD is considered a great challenge for clinicians due to the limited chance for liver transplantation, which is the only curative treatment for those patients. Stem cell-based therapy as a part of regenerative medicine represents a promising application for ESLD patients. Many clinical trials were performed to assess the utility of bone marrow-derived stem cells as a potential therapy for patients with liver diseases. The aim of the present study is to present and review the various types of stem cell-based therapy, including the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), BM-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs), CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and cancer stem cells. Though this type of therapy achieved promising results for the treatment of ESLD, however still there is a confounding data regarding its clinical application. A large body of evidence is highly required to evaluate the stem cell-based therapy after long-term follow-up, with respect to the incidence of toxicity, immunogenicity, and tumorigenesis that developed in many patients.

中文翻译：

---

干细胞治疗肝细胞癌和终末期肝病

肝细胞癌（HCC）是世界范围内的一个主要健康问题，特别是对于患有终末期肝病（ESLD）的患者而言。由于肝移植是这些患者唯一的治疗方法，ESLD 被认为对临床医生来说是一个巨大的挑战。干细胞疗法作为再生医学的一部分，对于 ESLD 患者来说是一个有前景的应用。进行了许多临床试验来评估骨髓干细胞作为肝病患者潜在疗法的效用。本研究的目的是介绍和回顾各种类型的干细胞疗法，包括间充质干细胞（MSC）、骨髓来源的单核细胞（BM-MNC）、CD34+造血干细胞（HSC）、诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）和癌症干细胞。尽管这种疗法在治疗 ESLD 方面取得了有希望的结果，但其临床应用仍存在令人困惑的数据。在长期随访后，非常需要大量证据来评估基于干细胞的疗法，涉及许多患者中出现的毒性、免疫原性和肿瘤发生的发生率。