Purpose of Review

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complicated, heterogeneous disease likely caused by inflammatory and infectious factors. There is clear evidence that innate immune cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, play a significant role in CRS. Multiple immune cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, have been shown to release chromatin and granular proteins into the extracellular space in response to triggering extracellular traps (ETs). The formation of ETs remains controversial due to their critical function during pathogen clearance while being associated with harmful inflammatory illnesses. This article summarizes recent research on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) and their possible significance in the pathophysiology of CRS.

Recent Findings

A novel type of programmed cell death called ETosis, which releases ETs, has been proposed by recent study. Significantly more NETs are presented in nasal polyps, and its granule proteins LL‐37 induce NETs production in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. Similar to NETs, developed in the tissue of nasal polyps, primarily in subepithelial regions with epithelial barrier defects, and are associated with linked to elevated tissue levels of IL-5 and S. aureus colonization.

Summary

This article provides a comprehensive overview of NETs and EETs, as well as an in-depth understanding of the functions of these ETs in CRS.

中文翻译：

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细胞外陷阱在慢性鼻窦炎中的新作用

审查目的

慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）是一种复杂的异质性疾病，可能由炎症和感染因素引起。有明确证据表明先天免疫细胞，包括中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞，在 CRS 中发挥重要作用。多种免疫细胞，包括中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞，已被证明可以将染色质和颗粒蛋白释放到细胞外空间，以响应触发细胞外陷阱（ET）。ET 的形成仍然存在争议，因为它们在病原体清除过程中发挥着关键作用，同时与有害的炎症性疾病有关。本文总结了中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NET）和嗜酸性粒细胞胞外陷阱（EET）的最新研究及其在 CRS 病理生理学中的可能意义。

最近的发现

最近的研究提出了一种称为 ETosis 的新型程序性细胞死亡，它会释放 ET。鼻息肉中存在明显更多的 NET，其颗粒蛋白 LL-37 诱导鼻息肉 CRS (CRSwNP) 患者产生 NET。与 NET 类似，在鼻息肉组织中发育，主要在具有上皮屏障缺陷的上皮下区域，并且与 IL-5 和金黄色葡萄球菌定植的组织水平升高有关。

概括

本文对 NET 和 EET 进行了全面的概述，并深入了解这些 ET 在 CRS 中的功能。