We investigated how deictic shifts and memory representation influence production difficulties in reported speech. In Experiment 1, participants read short stories, including a conversation between two protagonists. Participants then recalled the last sentence from the conversation in either direct or indirect speech. When participants had verbatim memory of the to-be-reported utterance, direct speech production was faster than indirect speech if indirect speech production required a deictic shift. If participants had verbatim memory and indirect speech production did not require a deictic shift, direct and indirect speech’s speech latencies were similar. In Experiment 2, we investigated the production difficulties of reported speech when verbatim memory was unavailable to participants. First, participants read short stories. Next, half of the participants completed an intervening task, whereas the other half did not. Last, participants undertook a sentence completion task by filling in a missing word in direct or indirect speech. When participants did not have verbatim memory of to-be-reported utterances, direct speech production was faster than indirect speech if a deictic shift was needed to produce direct speech. These results suggest that production difficulties in reported speech depend on how to-be-reported utterances are represented in memory and whether deictic shifts are required.

中文翻译：

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直接言语和间接言语产生中的指示转变

我们研究了指示转变和记忆表征如何影响报告言语中的产生困难。在实验一中，参与者阅读短篇故事，包括两个主角之间的对话。然后，参与者以直接或间接的方式回忆对话中的最后一句话。当参与者对要报告的话语有逐字记忆时，如果间接言语产生需要指示转变，则直接言语产生比间接言语更快。如果参与者有逐字记忆并且间接言语产生不需要指示转变，则直接言语和间接言语的言语延迟是相似的。在实验2中，我们研究了当参与者无法逐字记忆时报告语音的产生困难。首先，参与者阅读短篇小说。接下来，一半的参与者完成了一项干预任务，而另一半则没有。最后，参与者通过填写直接或间接言语中缺失的单词来完成句子完成任务。当参与者对要报告的话语没有逐字记忆时，如果需要指示转变来产生直接言语，则直接言语的产生比间接言语更快。这些结果表明，报告语音的生成困难取决于要报告的话语在记忆中的表示方式以及是否需要指示转变。