We propose to extend the commonly known flow analysis in the transverse $p_x$-$p_y$ plane to novel flow coefficients based on the angular distribution in the $p_x$-$p_z$ and $p_y$-$p_z$ planes. The new flow coefficients, called $u_n$ and $w_n$ (in addition to $v_n$), turn out to be also highly sensitive to the nuclear Equation-of-State and can be used to explore the EoS in more detail than is possible using only $v_n$. As an example to quantify the effect of the EoS, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model is used to investigate 20-30% central Au+Au collisions at E${}_{\mathrm{lab}}=1.23A$ GeV.

中文翻译：

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3 维流动分析：研究碰撞几何和状态方程的新工具

我们建议将众所周知的横向流动分析扩展到$p_X$-$p_y$基于角度分布的平面到新颖的流量系数$p_X$-$p_z$和$p_y$-$p_z$飞机。新的流量系数称为${你}_n$和$w_n$（此外$v_n$），结果对核状态方程也高度敏感，并且可以用来比仅使用它更详细地探索 EoS$v_n$。作为量化 EoS 影响的示例，超相对论量子分子动力学 (UrQMD) 模型用于研究 E 处 20-30% 的中心 Au+Au 碰撞${}_{\mathrm{实验室}}=1.23A$ GeV。