Qanats, as traditional and intelligent water infrastructures, have garnered attention across various scientific disciplines. However, a comprehensive, holistic view of Qanats remains elusive. This study aims to identify and present a thorough perspective on Qanat features. To achieve this objective, a semi-systematic review methodology was employed. The semi-systematic or narrative review approach is well-suited for subjects that span multiple disciplines and different periods. The research process commenced with an extensive search for the keyword “Qanat” within the titles and abstracts of articles across the MagIran, ScienceDirect, Taylor and Francis, and Springer databases. Subsequently, a thematic content analysis method was applied to analyze the content of these articles. Thematic content analysis involves the identification and presentation of recurring patterns in the form of distinct themes within the textual data. At this stage, Qanat features were extracted from the articles and categorized thematically. The research findings underscore the functional significance of Qanats as vital water supply systems. Furthermore, within the realm of management, Qanats are recognized as essential water infrastructures. In light of these findings, this study incorporates relevant literature from the infrastructure domain to systematically categorize Qanat features. In the research, the Landscape approach, characterized by its objective-subjective perspective, will serve as an overarching narrative framework to comprehensively classify all Qanat features. The resulting model portrays Qanats as possessing a diverse spectrum of tangible and intangible attributes, spanning environmental, cultural, social, and economic domains. This comprehensive analysis enhances our understanding of the multifaceted nature of Qanats, facilitating their preservation and sustainable management.

中文翻译：

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坎儿井特征的综合分类与分类：利用景观基础设施概念和半系统评价的跨学科探索

坎儿井作为传统的智能水利基础设施，已经引起了各个科学学科的关注。然而，对坎儿井的全面、整体的看法仍然难以捉摸。本研究旨在确定并提出有关坎儿井特征的全面视角。为了实现这一目标，采用了半系统审查方法。半系统或叙述性回顾方法非常适合跨越多个学科和不同时期的学科。研究过程首先在 MagIran、ScienceDirect、Taylor and Francis 以及 Springer 数据库的文章标题和摘要中广泛搜索关键词“Qanat”。随后，应用主题内容分析方法来分析这些文章的内容。主题内容分析涉及以文本数据中不同主题的形式识别和呈现重复模式。在此阶段，从文章中提取坎儿井特征并按主题进行分类。研究结果强调了坎儿井作为重要供水系统的功能意义。此外，在管理领域，坎儿井被认为是重要的水利基础设施。根据这些发现，本研究结合了基础设施领域的相关文献，对坎儿井特征进行系统分类。在研究中，以客观-主观视角为特征的景观方法将作为一个总体叙事框架，对坎儿井的所有特征进行全面分类。由此产生的模型将坎儿井描绘为拥有多种有形和无形属性，涵盖环境、文化、社会和经济领域。这项全面的分析增强了我们对坎儿井多方面性质的理解，促进其保护和可持续管理。