Ubiquitination/ubiquitylation, one of the most fundamental post-translational modifications (PTMs), regulates almost every critical cellular process in eukaryotes. Emerging evidence has shown that essential components of numerous biological processes undergo ubiquitination in mammalian cells upon exposure to diverse stresses, from exogenous factors to cellular reactions, causing a dazzling variety of functional consequences. Various forms of ubiquitin signals generated by ubiquitylation events in specific milieus, known as ubiquitin codes, constitute an intrinsic part of myriad cellular stress responses. These ubiquitination events, leading to proteolytic turnover of the substrates or just switch in functionality, initiate, regulate or supervise multiple cellular stress-associated responses, supporting adaptation, homeostasis recovery, and survival of the stressed cells. In this review, we attempted to summarize the crucial roles of ubiquitination in response to different environmental and intracellular stresses, while discussing how stresses modulate the ubiquitin system. This review also updates the most recent advances in understanding ubiquitination machinery as well as different stress responses, and discusses some important questions that may warrant future investigation.

中文翻译：

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泛素编码细胞应激反应。

泛素化/泛素化是最基本的翻译后修饰 (PTM) 之一，调节着真核生物中几乎所有关键的细胞过程。新的证据表明，哺乳动物细胞在受到从外源因素到细胞反应的各种压力时，许多生物过程的重要组成部分会发生泛素化，从而导致各种令人眼花缭乱的功能后果。特定环境中泛素化事件产生的各种形式的泛素信号（称为泛素代码）构成了无数细胞应激反应的内在部分。这些泛素化事件导致底物的蛋白水解更新或只是功能转换，启动、调节或监督多种细胞应激相关反应，支持应激细胞的适应、稳态恢复和存活。在这篇综述中，我们试图总结泛素化在应对不同环境和细胞内应激时的关键作用，同时讨论应激如何调节泛素系统。这篇综述还更新了理解泛素化机制以及不同应激反应的最新进展，并讨论了一些可能值得未来研究的重要问题。