With the discovery and development of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and induced pluripotent stem cells, cell transdifferentiation research has presented unique advantages and stimulated a heated discussion worldwide. Cell transdifferentiation is a phenomenon by which a cell changes its lineage and acquires the phenotype of other cell types when exposed to certain conditions. Indeed, many adult stem cells and differentiated cells were reported to change their phenotype and transform into other lineages. This article reviews the differentiation of stem cells and classification of transdifferentiation, as well as the advantages, challenges, and prospects of cell transdifferentiation. This review discusses new research directions and the main challenges in the use of transdifferentiation in human cells and molecular replacement therapy. Overall, such knowledge is expected to provide a deep understanding of cell fate and regulation, which can change through differentiation, dedifferentiation, and transdifferentiation, with multiple applications.

中文翻译：

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细胞转分化：具有巨大潜力的具有挑战性的策略。

随着体细胞核移植、细胞融合、诱导多能干细胞等技术的发现和发展，细胞转分化研究呈现出独特的优势并在世界范围内引起热议。细胞转分化是细胞在暴露于某些条件时改变其谱系并获得其他细胞类型的表型的现象。事实上，据报道许多成体干细胞和分化细胞会改变其表型并转化为其他谱系。本文综述了干细胞的分化和转分化的分类，以及细胞转分化的优势、挑战和前景。这篇综述讨论了人类细胞转分化和分子替代疗法的新研究方向和主要挑战。总的来说，这些知识有望提供对细胞命运和调控的深入理解，细胞命运和调控可以通过分化、去分化和转分化而改变，并具有多种应用。