Manual compression has been standard of care for maintaining hemostasis after percutaneous endovascular intervention, but can be time-consuming and associated with vascular complications. Alternative closure methods include the figure-of-eight suture (Z-stitch) and vascular closure device (VCD) techniques. We hypothesized that compared to manual compression, Z-stitch and VCD would significantly reduce time-to-hemostasis after transvenous access, and the proportion of dogs with vascular patency would not differ significantly among treatments. Forty-six client-owned dogs undergoing percutaneous transvenous interventional procedures. Dogs with vessel diameter <5 mm were randomized to undergo manual compression or Z-stitch, while those with vessel diameter ≥5 mm were randomized to undergo manual compression, Z-stitch, or VCD. Time-to-hemostasis, bleeding scores, presence of vascular patency one day and two to three months post-procedure, and complications were recorded. Data are presented as median (95% confidence interval). In all 46 dogs, the right external jugular vein was used. Time-to-hemostasis was significantly shorter in the Z-stitch (2.1 [1.8–2.9] minutes) compared to VCD (8.6 [6.1–11.8] minutes; P<0.001) and manual compression (10.0 [10.0–20.0] minutes; P<0.001) groups. Time-to-hemostasis was significantly shorter in the VCD vs. manual compression (P=0.027) group. Bleeding scores were significantly greater at 5 and 10 min (P<0.001 and 0.013, respectively) in manual compression, compared to Z-stitch group. There was no difference in the proportion of dogs with vascular patency between groups (P=0.59). Z-stitch and VCD are effective venous hemostasis methods after percutaneous transvenous intervention, with Z-stitch providing the most rapid time-to-hemostasis. Both Z-stitch and VCD techniques have low complication rates and effectively maintain vascular patency.

中文翻译：

---

犬经皮静脉介入治疗中手动加压、Z 形缝合和缝合介导的血管闭合装置技术的比较

手动压迫已成为经皮血管内介入治疗后维持止血的标准护理方法，但可能非常耗时且与血管并发症相关。替代的闭合方法包括八字形缝合（Z 形缝合）和血管闭合装置（VCD）技术。我们假设，与手动压迫相比，Z 形缝合和 VCD 会显着缩短经静脉通路后的止血时间，并且血管通畅的狗的比例在治疗之间不会有显着差异。 46 只客户拥有的狗正在接受经皮经静脉介入手术。血管直径<5毫米的狗随机接受手动压迫或Z形缝合，而血管直径≥5毫米的狗随机接受手动压迫、Z形缝合或VCD。记录止血时间、出血评分、手术后一天和两到三个月的血管通畅情况以及并发症。数据以中位数表示（95% 置信区间）。在所有 46 只狗中，均使用右颈外静脉。与 VCD（8.6 [6.1–11.8] 分钟；P<0.001）和手动加压（10.0 [10.0–20.0] 分钟；P<0.001）相比，Z 形缝合（2.1 [1.8–2.9] 分钟）的止血时间显着缩短。 P<0.001）组。与手动压迫组相比，VCD 组的止血时间显着缩短 (P=0.027)。与 Z 形缝合组相比，手动加压组在 5 分钟和 10 分钟时的出血评分显着更高（分别为 P<0.001 和 0.013）。各组之间血管通畅的犬的比例没有差异（P=0.59）。 Z 形缝合和 VCD 是经皮静脉介入治疗后有效的静脉止血方法，其中 Z 形缝合提供最快速的止血时间。 Z形缝合和VCD技术均并发症发生率低，并能有效保持血管通畅。