This review includes 36 studies of transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) in animals. Most of these studies concern cardiac chamber quantification of the left atrium and left ventricle, in dogs. Comparisons of RT3DE and different two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) methods have been reported in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), dilated cardiomyopathy, and in healthy control dogs. Comparisons of RT3DE and standard reference methods have been reported in healthy control dogs. In dogs with MMVD, volumetric RT3DE measurements of left atrium do not appear to provide superior prognostic value compared with 2DE methods using Simpson's method of discs in dogs with MMVD. The major advantages of RT3DE compared to 2DE include improvements in visualization of the complex morphology of the mitral valve, the estimation of mitral valve regurgitation, and improved visualization of complex congenital cardiac abnormalities.

中文翻译：

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实时三维经胸超声心动图在动物中的应用现状

本综述包括 36 项动物经胸实时三维超声心动图 (RT3DE) 研究。这些研究大多数涉及狗左心房和左心室的心腔定量。 RT3DE 和不同二维超声心动图 (2DE) 方法的比较已在患有粘液性二尖瓣疾病 (MMVD)、扩张型心肌病的狗和健康对照狗中进行了报道。 RT3DE 和标准参考方法的比较已在健康对照狗中进行了报道。在患有 MMVD 的狗中，与使用辛普森椎间盘法对患有 MMVD 的狗进行的 2DE 方法相比，左心房的体积 RT3DE 测量似乎没有提供更好的预后价值。与 2DE 相比，RT3DE 的主要优点包括改进二尖瓣复杂形态的可视化、二尖瓣反流的估计以及改进复杂先天性心脏异常的可视化。