Buildings are key in supporting human activities and well-being by providing shelter and other important services to their users. Buildings are, however, also responsible for major energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during their life cycle. Improving the quality of services provided by buildings while reaching low energy demand (LED) levels is crucial for climate and sustainability targets. Building sector models have become essential tools for decision support on strategies to reduce energy demand and GHG emissions. Yet current models have significant limitations in their ability to assess the transformations required for LED. We review building sector models ranging from the subnational to the global scale to identify best practices and critical gaps in representing transformations toward LED futures. We focus on three key dimensions of intervention (socio-behavioral, infrastructural, and technological), three megatrends (digitalization, sharing economy, and circular economy), and decent living standards. This review recommends the model developments needed to better assess LED transformations in buildings and support decision-making toward sustainability targets.

中文翻译：

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建筑低能源需求未来建模：现状和研究需求

建筑物通过为用户提供住所和其他重要服务，是支持人类活动和福祉的关键。然而，建筑物在其生命周期中也造成了主要的能源消耗和温室气体（GHG）排放。提高建筑物提供的服务质量，同时达到低能源需求 (LED) 水平，对于实现气候和可持续发展目标至关重要。建筑行业模型已成为减少能源需求和温室气体排放战略决策支持的重要工具。然而，当前模型在评估 LED 所需转换的能力方面存在很大限制。我们回顾了从地方到全球范围内的行业模型建设，以确定代表 LED 未来转型的最佳实践和关键差距。我们重点关注干预的三个关键维度（社会行为、基础设施和技术）、三大趋势（数字化、共享经济和循环经济）以及体面的生活水平。本次审查提出了更好地评估建筑物 LED 转型并支持可持续发展目标决策所需的模型开发建议。