Nanoparticles have revolutionized the landscape of energy storage and conservation technologies, exhibiting remarkable potential in enhancing the performance and efficiency of various energy systems. This review explores the versatile applications of nanoparticles in three key domains: battery technologies, supercapacitors, and solar energy conversion. In the realm of battery technologies, nanostructured particles have emerged as crucial catalysts and electrode materials, significantly elevating the energy density, cycling stability, and charge/discharge rates of batteries. By manipulating the surface chemistry and structure of nanoparticles, researchers have achieved breakthroughs in overcoming traditional limitations, paving the way for next-generation high-capacity and long-lasting batteries. The integration of tiny particles in supercapacitors has led to remarkable advancements in energy storage and rapid energy delivery. Nanoparticle-based electrodes have exhibited exceptional surface area, porosity, and conductivity, contributing to enhanced energy and power densities. The synergy of nanomaterials with novel electrolytes has also extended the operational lifespan of supercapacitors, addressing concerns regarding energy loss over cycles. Furthermore, nanoparticles have played a pivotal role in the field of solar energy conversion. In photovoltaics, nanoparticles with tailored optoelectronic properties have enabled improved light absorption, charge separation, and electron transport, ultimately boosting the efficiency of solar cells. Moreover, nanoparticles have been employed as catalysts in photocatalytic systems for solar fuel generation, driving the sustainable production of clean energy carriers. In this concise review, we highlight the recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects of nanoparticles in these critical energy domains. While the transformative impact of nanoparticles is evident, several challenges such as large-scale synthesis, cost-effectiveness, and long-term stability must be systematically addressed to ensure their seamless integration into practical energy applications. As researchers continue to explore novel synthesis techniques and innovative nanoarchitectures, nanoparticles are poised to reshape the energy landscape, accelerating the transition toward a more sustainable and efficient energy future.

中文翻译：

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纳米粒子利用能量储存和守恒的简述

纳米粒子彻底改变了能源存储和节能技术的格局，在提高各种能源系统的性能和效率方面展现出巨大的潜力。本综述探讨了纳米粒子在三个关键领域的多功能应用：电池技术、超级电容器和太阳能转换。在电池技术领域，纳米结构颗粒已成为关键的催化剂和电极材料，显着提高了电池的能量密度、循环稳定性和充电/放电速率。通过操纵纳米粒子的表面化学和结构，研究人员在克服传统限制方面取得了突破，为下一代高容量和持久电池铺平了道路。超级电容器中微小颗粒的集成带来了能量存储和快速能量传输方面的显着进步。基于纳米粒子的电极表现出优异的表面积、孔隙率和电导率，有助于提高能量和功率密度。纳米材料与新型电解质的协同作用还延长了超级电容器的使用寿命，解决了有关循环能量损失的问题。此外，纳米粒子在太阳能转换领域发挥了关键作用。在光伏发电中，具有定制光电特性的纳米颗粒能够改善光吸收、电荷分离和电子传输，最终提高太阳能电池的效率。此外，纳米颗粒已被用作太阳能燃料发电光催化系统中的催化剂，推动清洁能源载体的可持续生产。在这篇简明的综述中，我们重点介绍了纳米粒子在这些关键能源领域的最新进展、挑战和未来前景。虽然纳米粒子的变革性影响是显而易见的，但必须系统地解决大规模合成、成本效益和长期稳定性等几个挑战，以确保其无缝集成到实际能源应用中。随着研究人员不断探索新颖的合成技术和创新的纳米结构，纳米颗粒有望重塑能源格局，加速向更可持续、更高效的能源未来过渡。