Plastic pollution is a pressing global environmental concern, exerting significant impacts on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in recent decades. The detrimental effects of plastic on various species within these habitats have raised serious alarm. Regrettably, human exposure to microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) through contaminated food has become unavoidable, but the comprehensive extent of their consequences remains largely unexplored. This review aims to advance existing research and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of current studies pertaining to the potential toxicity and negative impacts of micro- and nano-plastics on soil, water, and land, with a specific focus on their implications for human health. Through meticulous examination of the existing literature, we aim to provide a succinct overview of the potential risks associated with micro and nano plastics, thereby guiding and emphasizing the direction for future research in this domain and addressing critical knowledge gaps. The study underscores that extant research has established a clear association between micro and nano plastics and their adverse effects on the digestive system, cell lines, and reproductive health. Nevertheless, deeper investigations are imperative to achieve a better understanding of the cellular, molecular, neurological, and systemic toxicity caused by these minute plastic particles. Information presented in the review provides a scientific understanding of the hazards posed by micro and nano plastics to both the environment and human health is essential for formulating effective mitigation strategies and regulatory measures.

塑料污染是一个紧迫的全球环境问题，近几十年来对水生和陆地生态系统产生了重大影响。塑料对这些栖息地内各种物种的有害影响引起了严重的警惕。遗憾的是，人类通过受污染的食物接触微塑料（MP）和纳米塑料（NP）已成为不可避免的事情，但其后果的综合程度在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本综述旨在推进现有研究，并对当前有关微塑料和纳米塑料对土壤、水和土地的潜在毒性和负面影响的研究进行全面评估，特别关注其对人类健康的影响。通过对现有文献的仔细审查，我们的目标是对与微米和纳米塑料相关的潜在风险提供简洁的概述，从而指导和强调该领域未来研究的方向，并解决关键的知识差距。该研究强调，现有研究已经建立了微米和纳米塑料及其对消化系统、细胞系和生殖健康的不利影响之间的明确关联。然而，为了更好地了解这些微小塑料颗粒引起的细胞、分子、神经和系统毒性，必须进行更深入的研究。审查中提供的信息提供了对微米和纳米塑料对环境和人类健康造成的危害的科学认识，对于制定有效的缓解策略和监管措施至关重要。