Using the ERA5 reanalysis, sea surface temperature, sea ice observations, and the real-time multivariate Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) index, the evolution of the stratospheric extreme circulation in the winter of 2022/2023 is explored. The stratospheric polar vortex was disturbed three times in the 2022/23 winter, contrasted with only one disturbance during the other three recent winters with an SSW. Possible favorable conditions for the strong stratospheric disturbances and their effects on stratospheric ozone, water vapor distribution, and near-surface temperature were examined. Around 7 December 2022 when a short but strong pulse of planetary wavenumber 2 appeared from the troposphere to stratosphere, a weakened and elongated stratospheric polar vortex formed at 10 hPa. This pulse is related to the intensifying Ural ridge and the deepening East Asian trough. After the first stratospheric disturbance, a large fraction of cold anomalies occurred in the Eurasian continent. A lagged impact after these stratospheric disturbances was observed as strong cold anomalies formed in North America from 13 to 23 December. On 28 January 2023, a minor SSW event occurred due to a displacement of the stratospheric polar vortex. A strong pulse of eddy heat flux contributed alternately by planetary wavenumber 1 and 2 showed a large accumulative effect on the stratospheric disturbance. However, the downward impact of this second disturbance was weak, and cold surges were not noticeable after this minor SSW. The third stratospheric disturbance this winter is a major displace-type SSW that occurred on 16 February 2023, and the total eddy heat flux primarily contributed by planetary wavenumber 1 increased rapidly. Following the major SSW, the North American continent was covered by large patches of strong cold anomalies until the end of March. During the three disturbances, the residual circulation correspondingly strengthened. The water vapor and ozone in the middle and lower layers of the polar stratosphere showed positive anomaly disturbances, especially after the major SSW onset. The unprecedented frequent stratospheric disturbances in winter 2022/23 were accompanied by severe loss of Barents-Laptev Sea ice and anomalously cold tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (La Niña), which have been reported to be conducive to the enhancement of planetary waves 1 and 2 respectively. Further, two weeks before the major SSW, existing MJO developed into phases 4–6, also contributing to the occurrence of major SSW.

利用ERA5再分析、海面温度、海冰观测和实时多元马登-朱利安振荡（MJO）指数，探索2022/2023年冬季平流层极端环流的演变。平流层极地涡旋在 2022/23 年冬季受到了 3 次扰动，而最近其他三个冬季的 SSW 只受到了一次扰动。研究了平流层强烈扰动的可能有利条件及其对平流层臭氧、水汽分布和近地表温度的影响。2022年12月7日左右，从对流层到平流层出现了一个短而强的2号行星波脉冲，在10 hPa形成了一个减弱且拉长的平流层极地涡旋。这种脉动与乌拉尔海脊的加强和东亚海槽的加深有关。第一次平流层扰动后，欧亚大陆出现了很大一部分冷异常。12 月 13 日至 23 日，北美地区形成强烈的冷异常，观察到这些平流层扰动后的滞后影响。2023年1月28日，由于平流层极地涡旋的位移，发生了一次小型SSW事件。由行星波数1和2交替贡献的涡流热通量强脉冲对平流层扰动表现出较大的累积效应。但第二次扰动的下行影响较弱，此次小幅南风天气后寒潮并未明显。今年冬季的第三次平流层扰动是2023年2月16日发生的一次主要位移型SSW，主要由行星波数1贡献的总涡流热通量迅速增加。继大西南风之后，直到3月底，北美大陆都被大片强冷异常覆盖。3次扰动期间，剩余环流相应加强。极地平流层中下层的水汽和臭氧表现出正异常扰动，特别是在大南纬暴爆发后。2022/23冬季前所未有的频繁平流层扰动伴随着巴伦支海冰的严重损失和热带太平洋海面温度异常寒冷（拉尼娜），据报道这有利于行星波1和2的增强分别。此外，在主要 SSW 发生前两周，现有 MJO 发展到第 4-6 阶段，也促进了主要 SSW 的发生。